Page - 34 - in Emerging Technologies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles

Energies 2017,10, 1217 Table17.Cont. MotorType Advantage Disadvantage VehiclesUsedIn Switched ReluctanceMotor (SRM) • Simpleandrobustconstruction • Lowcost • Highspeed • Lesschanceofhazard • Longconstantpowerrange • Highpowerdensity • Verynoisy • Lowefficiency • Largerandheavier thanPMmachines • Complexdesign andcontrol ChlorideLucas Synchronous ReluctanceMotor (SynRM) • Robust • Fault tolerant • Efficient • Small • Problemsin controllability andmanufacturing • Lowpower factor PMassisted Synchronous ReluctanceMotor • Greaterpower factor thanSynRMs • Free fromdemagnetizingproblems observedinIPM BMWi3 AxialFluxIronless PermanentMagnet Motor • Noironusedinouter rotor • Nostatorcore • Lightweight • Betterpowerdensity • Minimizedcopper loss • Betterefficiency • Variablespeedmachine • Rotor iscapableofbeingfittedto the lateral sideof thewheel RenovoCoupe 6.ChargingSystems For chargingofEVs,DCorACsystems canbeused. There aredifferent current andvoltage configurations forcharging,generallydenotedas ‘levels’. The timerequiredfora full chargedepends onthe levelbeingemployed.Wirelesscharginghasalsobeentestedandresearchedforquitea long time. Ithasdifferentconfigurationsaswell. ThechargingstandardsareshowninTable18. Thesafety standards thatshouldbecompliedbythechargersare the following[46]: • SAEJ2929: ElectricandHybridVehiclePropulsionBatterySystemSafetyStandard • ISO26262:RoadVehicles—Functional safety • ISO6469-3: ElectricRoadVehicles—SafetySpecifications—Part3: ProtectionofPersonsAgainst ElectricHazards • ECER100: ProtectionagainstElectricShock • IEC61000: ElectromagneticCompatibility (EMC) • IEC 61851-21: Electric Vehicle Conductive Charging system—Part 21: Electric Vehicle Requirements forConductiveConnectiontoanAC/DCSupply • IEC60950: Safetyof InformationTechnologyEquipment • UL2202: ElectricVehicle (EV)ChargingSystemEquipment • FCCPart 15Class B: The Federal Code of Regulation (CFR) FCCPart 15 for EMCEmission MeasurementServices for InformationTechnologyEquipment. • IP6K9K, IP6K7protectionclass • −40 ◦Cto105 ◦Cambientair temperature 6.1.ACCharging ACchargingsystemprovidesanACsupplythat isconvertedintoDCtochargethebatteries. This systemneedsanAC-DCconverter.Accordingto theSAEEVACChargingPowerLevels, theycanbe classifiedasbelow: 34