Page - 35 - in Emerging Technologies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles

Energies 2017,10, 1217 • Level1: Themaximumvoltage is120V, thecurrentcanbe12Aor16Adependingonthecircuit ratings. Thissystemcanbeusedwithstandard110Vhouseholdoutletswithoutrequiringany specialarrangement,usingon-boardchargers.ChargingasmallEVwiththisarrangementcan take0.5–12.5h. Thesecharacteristicsmakethissystemsuitable forovernightcharging[5,46,81]. • Level2: Level2chargingusesadirect connectionto thegrid throughanElectricVehicleService Equipment (EVSE).On-boardcharger isusedfor this system.Maximumsystemratingsare240V, 60Aand14.4kW.ThissystemisusedasaprimarychargingmethodforEVs[46,81]. • Level3: ThissystemusesapermanentlywiredsupplydedicatedforEVcharging,withpower ratingsgreater than14.4kW. ‘Fastchargers’—whichrechargeanaverageEVbatterypack inno more than30min,canbeconsideredlevel3chargers.All level3chargersarenot fast chargers though[46,82]. Table19showstheACchargingcharacteristicsdefinedbySocietyofAutomotive Engineers (SAE). Table18.Chargingstandards.Data from[81]. Standard Scope IEC61851:Conductive chargingsystem IEC61851-1 Definesplugsandcablessetup IEC61851-23 Explainselectrical safety,gridconnection,harmonics,andcommunicationarchitecture forDCFCstation(DCFCS) IEC61851-24 Describesdigital communicationforcontrollingDCcharging IEC62196: Socketoutlets, plugs,vehicle inletsand connectors IEC62196-1 Definesgeneral requirementsofEVconnectors IEC62196-2 Explainscouplerclassificationsfordifferentmodesofcharging IEC62196-3 Describes inletsandconnectors forDCFCS IEC60309: Socketoutlets, plugs,andcouplers IEC60309-1 DescribesCSgeneral requirements IEC60309-2 Explainssocketsandplugssizeshavingdifferentnumberof pinsdeterminedbycurrentsupplyandnumberofphases, definesconnectorcolorcodesaccordingtovoltagerange andfrequency. IEC60364 Explainselectrical installations forbuildings SAEJ1772:Conductive chargingsystems DefinesACchargingconnectorsandnewComboconnector forDCFCS SAEJ2847:Communication SAEJ2847-1 Explainscommunicationmediumandcriteria forconnecting EVtoutility forAClevel1&2charging SAEJ2847-2 Definesmessages forDCcharging SAEJ2293 SAEJ2293-1 Explains totalEVenergytransfersystem,definesrequirementsforEVSEfordifferentsystemarchitectures SAEJ2344 DefinesEVsafetyguidelines SAEJ2954: Inductivecharging Beingdeveloped Table19.SAE(SocietyofAutomotiveEngineers)ACchargingcharacteristics.Data from[44,80]. ACCharging System Supply Voltage(V) MaximumCurrent (A) BranchCircuit BreakerRating(A) OutputPower Level (kW) Level1 120V,1-phase 12 15 1.08 120V,1-phase 16 20 1.44 Level2 208 to240V,1-phase 16 20 3.3 208 to240V,1-phase 32 40 6.6 208 to240V,1-phase ≤80 PerNEC635 ≤14.4 Level3 208/480/600V 150–400 150 3 6.2.DCCharging DCsystemsrequirededicatedwiringandinstallationsandcanbemountedatgaragesorcharging stations. Theyhavemorepower thantheACsystemsandcanchargeEVsfaster.As theoutput isDC, thevoltagehas tobechangedfordifferentvehicles tosuit thebatterypacks.Modernstationshave the 35