Page - 39 - in Emerging Technologies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles

Energies 2017,10, 1217 7.1. Converters forWiredCharging DC-DCboostconverter isusedtodriveDCmotorsby increasingthebatteryvoltageupto the operating level [72].DC-DCconvertersareuseful tocombineapowersourcewithacomplementing energysource [94]. Figure41showsauniversalDC-DCconverterusedforDC-DCconversion. It can beusedasaboostconverter forbattery toDClinkpowerflowandasabuckconverterwhentheflow isreversed. Theoperatingconditionsandassociatedswitchingconfiguration ispresented inTable22. DC-DCboostconverterscanalsouseadigital signalprocessor [95]. Figure41.UniversalDC-DCconverter [72]. Table22.Operatingconditions foruniversalDC-DCconverter.Adaptedfrom[88]. Direction Mode T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 Vdc toVbatt Boost On Off Off On PWM Vdc toVbatt Buck PWM Off Off On Off Vbatt toVdc Boost Off On On Off PWM Vbatt toVdc Buck Off On PWM Off Off Accordingto[72],dualinverteristhemostupdatedtechnologytodriveACmotorslikepermanent magnet synchronousmotors (PMSMs), shown inFigure 42. Fordual voltage source applications, thesystemofFigure43 isused[96]. These invertersoperateonspacevectorPWM.Foruseonboth PMSMsandinductionmotors (IMs),abidirectional stackedmatrix invertercanbeused; suchasystem isshowninFigure44. Figure42.Dual inverter forsinglesource [72]. 39