Page - 40 - in Emerging Technologies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles

Energies 2017,10, 1217 Figure43.Dual inverterwithdualsources [72]. Figure44.Novelstackedmatrix inverterasshownin[97]. Some notable conventional DC-DC converters are: phase-shift full-bridge (PSFB), inductor-inductor-capacitor (LLC),andseries resonantconverter (SRC).Acomparisonofcomponents usedin these threeconverters ispresented in [98],which isdemonstratedhere inTable23. TheDC-DC convertersusedare required tohave lowcost,weight andsize forbeingused inautomobiles [99]. Interleavedconverters are apreferableoption regarding these considerations, it offers someother advantagesaswell [100–103], thoughusing itmayincrease theweightandvolumeof the inductors comparedto thecustomarysingle-phaseboostconverters [99]. Tosolve thisproblem,Close-Coupled Inductor (CCI) andLoosely-Coupled Inductor (LCI) integrated interleaved converters have been proposed in [99]. In [48]converters forAClevel-1andlevel-2chargersareshownbyWilliamsonetal., whostatedthatPowerFactorCorrection(PFC) isamust toacquirehighpowerdensityandefficiency. TwotypesofPFCtechniqueareshownhere: single-stageapproachandtwo-stageapproach. Thefirst onesuits for low-poweruseandchargeonly lead-acidbatteriesbecauseofhigh lowfrequencyripple. Toavoidtheseproblems, thesecondtechnique isused. 40