Page - 55 - in Emerging Technologies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles

Energies 2017,10, 1217 Figure62.VPParchitectureandcontrol [117]. Table26.UnidirectionalandbidirectionalV2Gcharacteristics.Adaptedfrom[1]. V2GSystem Description Services Advantages Limitations Unidirectional ControlsEVcharging ratewitha unidirectionalpower flowdirectedfromgrid toEVbasedon incentivesystemsand energyscheduling • Ancillary service—loadlevelling • Maximizedprofit • Minimizedpower loss • Minimizedoperationcost • Minimizedemission • Limited servicerange Bidirectional Bidirectionalpower flowbetweengridand EVtoattainarangeof benefits • Ancillary service—spinningreserve • Loadleveling • Peakpowershaving • Activepowersupport • Reactivepower support/Power factorcorrection • Voltageregulation • Harmonicfiltering • Support for integration of renewable • Maximizedprofit • Minimizedpower loss • Minimizedoperationcost • Minimizedemission • Preventionof gridoverloading • Failurerecovery • Improvedloadprofile • Maximizationof renewable energygeneration • Fast batterydegradation • Complexhardware • Highcapital cost • Socialbarriers • Integrationof renewableenergysources: Renewableenergyusagebecomesmorepromisingwith EVs integrated into thepicture. EVownerscanuseREStogeneratepower locally tocharge their EVs. Parking lot roofshavehighpotential for theplacementofPVpanelswhichcancharge the vehiclesparkedunderneathaswellassupplyingthegrid incaseofexcessgeneration[148–150], thusservingthe increaseofcommercialRESdeployment. TheV2Gstructure is furtherhelpful to integrateRESforchargingofEVs,andto thegridaswell, as it enables thesellingofenergyto thegridwhenthere is surplus, forexample,whenvehiclesareparkedandthesystemknowsthe userwillnotneedthevehiclebeforeacertain time.V2Gcanalsoenable increasedpenetration ofwindenergy(41%–59%) in thegrid inanisolatedsystem[121]. References [151–154]worked 55