Page - 60 - in Emerging Technologies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles

Energies 2017,10, 1217 Figure64.Social, technological, andeconomicproblemsfacedbyEVs. Table28.Tentativesolutionsofcurrent limitationsofEVs. Limitation ProbableSolution Limitedrange Betterenergysourceandenergymanagement technology Longchargingperiod Betterchargingtechnology Safetyproblems Advancedmanufacturingschemeandbuildquality Insufficientchargingstations Placementofsufficientstationscapableofprovidingservicestoallkindsofvehicles Highprice Massproduction,advancedtechnology,government incentives 10.OptimizationTechniques Tomakethebestoutof theavailableenergy,EVsapplyvariousaerodynamicsandmassreduction techniques, lightweightmaterialsareusedtodecrease thebodyweightaswell. Regenerativebraking isusedtorestoreenergy lost inbraking. Therestoredenergycanbestored indifferentways. It canbe storeddirectly in theESS,or it canbestoredbycompressingairbymeansofhydraulicmotor, springs canalsobeemployedtostore thisenergy in formofgravitationalenergy[169]. Table29.Hurdles inkeyEVfactors.Adaptedfrom[170]. Factor Hurdles Recharging Weightofcharger,durability, cost, recycling, size, chargingtime HybridEV Battery,durability,weight, cost Hydrogenfuelcell Cost,hydrogenproduction, infrastructure, storage,durability, reliability Auxiliarypowerunit Size, cost,weight,durability, safety, reliability, cooling,efficiency FormulaOnevehiclesemploykineticenergyrecoverysystems(KERSs) tousetheenergygathered duringbraking toprovide extrapowerduringaccelerating. ThePorsche 911GT3Rhybriduses a flywheel energy storage system to store this energy. The energy consuming accessories on a car includepowersteering,airconditioning, lights, infotainmentsystemsetc.Operatingthese inanenergy 60