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Energies 2016,9, 86
seriousdamageto theeconomy.Therefore, indisastercases it isessential tominimize theperiodof
power failure. Focused in thevehicle industry,Kinomura et al. [112] describe thedevelopment of
Toyota’selectricitysupplysystem, throughwhichvehiclessupplypowerdirectly toelectricaldevices,
andmaysupplypowerateitherahomesiteoratanevacuationcenter intheeventofanaturaldisaster.
YamamuraandMiwa[113]consider thedesignofaneffectivecontrolmethodforstore-carry-forward
energydistributionafteradisaster inwhichEVsandplug-inhybridvehiclesaremobileunitshaving
powergenerationandpowerstoragecapabilities. Finally,Yamagata et al. [114]proposeandextendthe
conceptofacommunity-baseddisaster resilientelectricitysharingsystem. In thissystem,electricity
generatedfromwidely introducedphotovoltaicpanels is stored in thenot-in-usecars.
7.Conclusions
Thispaperhas reviewed someof the existing literature related to the introductionof electric
vehicles inroadtransportation,payingspecialattentiontoenvironmental issues; theemergingstrategic
and operational challenges; the use of hydrogen electric vehicles as an alternative to other types
of electric vehicles; and the newvariants of the popular vehicle routing problem that arise as a
consequenceof introducingelectricvehicles in thedistributionfleets. Fromthisanalysis, itbecomes
evidentthat theuseofsustainableenergysources inroadlogisticsandtransportationismorenecessary
thanever,andconstitutesacritical factor for theevolutionofaneconomicallyandenvironmentally
stableworld. The incorporationof electricvehicles in the roaddistributionactivities, especially in
urbanareas, showsapromisingtrendyet tobeexplored in its fullpotential.However, theexpanded
useofelectricvehicles raisesanumberofconcernsandchallenges thatcomplicateplanningefforts.
Fromanoperational researchpointofview, the followingstrategicandoperational challengescan
behighlighted: (a) thedevelopment of infrastructure networks for battery recharging/swapping,
including thenumber, location, type, and capacity of the associated stations; (b) the size andmix
compositionofhybridfleetswithboth traditionalvehicles,hybridelectricvehicles,andpureelectric
vehicles; (c) the severe feasibility constraints imposedusingheterogeneousfleets of vehicleswith
differentdrivingranges; (d) theadditional time-windowconstraints relatedtoshortdrivingranges;
and(e) theeconomic impactof the introductionofelectricvehiclesover theentiresupplychain. The
developmentofnewoptimizationandhybridoptimization-simulationmethods toefficientlycope
with these challenges, includingdynamic scenarios and scenarioswithuncertainty, is anecessary
step to promote the desirable shift towardsmore sustainable energy sources in the logistics and
transportationarena.
Acknowledgments: This work has been partially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and
Competitiveness (TRA2013-48180-C3-P and TRA2015-71883-REDT), FEDER, and the CYTED Program
(CYTED2014-515RT0489). Likewise,wewant toacknowledgethesupport receivedbytheCatalanGovernment
(2014-CTP-00001)andtheCANFoundation(CAN2014-3758andCAN2015-70473).
Author Contributions: Angel Juan had the original idea for the study and coordinated the manuscript
development. JavierFaulinwas themaincontributorof thesectionaboutenvironmental issues. JesicadeArmas
analyzedthestrategicandoperationalchallengesrelatedto the introductionofEVs. ScottE.Grasmanprovided
muchof the insight relatedtohydrogen-basedEVs. Finally,CarlosMendezwas inchargeofdevelopingmostof
theparts relatedto thenewEV-basedvariants for theVehicleRoutingProblem.
Conflictsof Interest:Theauthorsdeclarenoconflictof interest.
References
1. Toth, P.; Vigo,D.Vehicle Routing: Problems,Methods, andApplication, 2nd ed.; Society for Industrial and
AppliedMathematics (SIAM):Philadelphia,PA,USA,2014.
2. Caceres, J.; Arias, P.; Guimarans, D.; Riera, D.; Juan, A. Rich Vehicle Routing Problem: Survey.
ACMComput.Surv. 2014,47, 1–28. [CrossRef]
3. Vidal, T.; Crainic, T.G.; Gendreau,M.; Prins,C.Heuristics formulti-attribute vehicle routingproblems:
Asurveyandsynthesis.Eur. J.Oper. Res. 2013,231, 1–21. [CrossRef]
100
Emerging Technologies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles
- Title
- Emerging Technologies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles
- Editor
- MDPI
- Location
- Basel
- Date
- 2017
- Language
- English
- License
- CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
- ISBN
- 978-3-03897-191-7
- Size
- 17.0 x 24.4 cm
- Pages
- 376
- Keywords
- electric vehicle, plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), energy sources, energy management strategy, energy-storage system, charging technologies, control algorithms, battery, operating scenario, wireless power transfer (WPT)
- Category
- Technik