Page - 100 - in Emerging Technologies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles

Energies 2016,9, 86 seriousdamageto theeconomy.Therefore, indisastercases it isessential tominimize theperiodof power failure. Focused in thevehicle industry,Kinomura et al. [112] describe thedevelopment of Toyota’selectricitysupplysystem, throughwhichvehiclessupplypowerdirectly toelectricaldevices, andmaysupplypowerateitherahomesiteoratanevacuationcenter intheeventofanaturaldisaster. YamamuraandMiwa[113]consider thedesignofaneffectivecontrolmethodforstore-carry-forward energydistributionafteradisaster inwhichEVsandplug-inhybridvehiclesaremobileunitshaving powergenerationandpowerstoragecapabilities. Finally,Yamagata et al. [114]proposeandextendthe conceptofacommunity-baseddisaster resilientelectricitysharingsystem. In thissystem,electricity generatedfromwidely introducedphotovoltaicpanels is stored in thenot-in-usecars. 7.Conclusions Thispaperhas reviewed someof the existing literature related to the introductionof electric vehicles inroadtransportation,payingspecialattentiontoenvironmental issues; theemergingstrategic and operational challenges; the use of hydrogen electric vehicles as an alternative to other types of electric vehicles; and the newvariants of the popular vehicle routing problem that arise as a consequenceof introducingelectricvehicles in thedistributionfleets. Fromthisanalysis, itbecomes evidentthat theuseofsustainableenergysources inroadlogisticsandtransportationismorenecessary thanever,andconstitutesacritical factor for theevolutionofaneconomicallyandenvironmentally stableworld. The incorporationof electricvehicles in the roaddistributionactivities, especially in urbanareas, showsapromisingtrendyet tobeexplored in its fullpotential.However, theexpanded useofelectricvehicles raisesanumberofconcernsandchallenges thatcomplicateplanningefforts. Fromanoperational researchpointofview, the followingstrategicandoperational challengescan behighlighted: (a) thedevelopment of infrastructure networks for battery recharging/swapping, including thenumber, location, type, and capacity of the associated stations; (b) the size andmix compositionofhybridfleetswithboth traditionalvehicles,hybridelectricvehicles,andpureelectric vehicles; (c) the severe feasibility constraints imposedusingheterogeneousfleets of vehicleswith differentdrivingranges; (d) theadditional time-windowconstraints relatedtoshortdrivingranges; and(e) theeconomic impactof the introductionofelectricvehiclesover theentiresupplychain. The developmentofnewoptimizationandhybridoptimization-simulationmethods toefficientlycope with these challenges, includingdynamic scenarios and scenarioswithuncertainty, is anecessary step to promote the desirable shift towardsmore sustainable energy sources in the logistics and transportationarena. Acknowledgments: This work has been partially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (TRA2013-48180-C3-P and TRA2015-71883-REDT), FEDER, and the CYTED Program (CYTED2014-515RT0489). Likewise,wewant toacknowledgethesupport receivedbytheCatalanGovernment (2014-CTP-00001)andtheCANFoundation(CAN2014-3758andCAN2015-70473). Author Contributions: Angel Juan had the original idea for the study and coordinated the manuscript development. JavierFaulinwas themaincontributorof thesectionaboutenvironmental issues. JesicadeArmas analyzedthestrategicandoperationalchallengesrelatedto the introductionofEVs. ScottE.Grasmanprovided muchof the insight relatedtohydrogen-basedEVs. Finally,CarlosMendezwas inchargeofdevelopingmostof theparts relatedto thenewEV-basedvariants for theVehicleRoutingProblem. Conflictsof Interest:Theauthorsdeclarenoconflictof interest. References 1. Toth, P.; Vigo,D.Vehicle Routing: Problems,Methods, andApplication, 2nd ed.; Society for Industrial and AppliedMathematics (SIAM):Philadelphia,PA,USA,2014. 2. Caceres, J.; Arias, P.; Guimarans, D.; Riera, D.; Juan, A. Rich Vehicle Routing Problem: Survey. ACMComput.Surv. 2014,47, 1–28. [CrossRef] 3. Vidal, T.; Crainic, T.G.; Gendreau,M.; Prins,C.Heuristics formulti-attribute vehicle routingproblems: Asurveyandsynthesis.Eur. J.Oper. Res. 2013,231, 1–21. [CrossRef] 100