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Energies 2017,10, 1314
3.BatteryDiscussion
Batterieshavebecomean indispensableproduct insociety; theyarebeingused inavarietyof
products rangingfromcellphonesuptoelectricvehicles. Themostpopularbattery technologiesare
the lithium-ionbatteriesdue to theirhighenergy-andpower-densityaswell as theirhigh lifetime
comparedtoother types [29].
Theelectrochemical storageofenergy ina lithium-ionbattery isachievedthroughintercalation in
thepositiveandnegativeelectrode, shownbyEquation(1) [30].
Li++e−+θ←→Li−θ (1)
With:
θ The insertionmaterial
θ−Li Lithiuminserted inmaterialθ
e− Anelectron
Li+ Alithium-ion
Figure3.Schematic illustrationof thecharge/dischargeprocess ina lithium-ionbattery, reproduced
from[31].
The functioning of a lithium-ion battery is summarized below; however, a more extended
explanation can be found in literature, for example [32,33]. The intercalation of lithium-ions in
the electrodes is themain reason for its long lifetime of this type of batteries. However, lithium
undergoesnumerousside-reactions, reducingtheconcentrationof lithiumavailable for intercalation,
causing thebattery todecrease in capacityover lifetime. Aschematic illustrationof a lithium-ion
battery’s functioning is showninFigure3. Abatteryconsistsof fourmaincomponents: anegative
electrodeoroftencalledananode,apositiveelectrodeoroftencalledacathode,anelectrolyteand
aseparator. Thevarietyandpropertiesofseveralanodesandcathodeswillbediscussedinthenext
sectionsexcept theseparatorandelectrolytesince inmostcasecommerciallyavailableonesareused.
Themainpropertyof theelectrolyte is to transport ions fromtheanodeto thecathodeorvice-versa,
whileensuringas littleaspossiblesidereactionswiththeLi-ions.Mostly itconsistsofwaterwithsome
dissolvedsalts, lithiumhexafluorophosphatemostused, toensuregoodionconductivity. Thepurpose
of theseparator is tostopthe transportofelectronswhile intervening in therestof theprocessesas
littleaspossible.
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Emerging Technologies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles
- Title
- Emerging Technologies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles
- Editor
- MDPI
- Location
- Basel
- Date
- 2017
- Language
- English
- License
- CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
- ISBN
- 978-3-03897-191-7
- Size
- 17.0 x 24.4 cm
- Pages
- 376
- Keywords
- electric vehicle, plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), energy sources, energy management strategy, energy-storage system, charging technologies, control algorithms, battery, operating scenario, wireless power transfer (WPT)
- Category
- Technik