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Energies 2017,10, 1314
3.5.1. Battery I—CostCalculation
TheprocessofmanufacturingofNMClithium-ionbatteries iswellknown;however,avarietyof
typesarestillpossible.ANMCwithratio6:2:2willbeusedasabaseline for thiscalculationssince this
nickel rich typehasahighenergydensityandisconsideredthecurrent stateof theart. It isalsosuited
to increase theoverall cellvoltagewhichwasdescribedasoneof the future trends. ThisNMC6:2:2
cathodewillbecombinedwithstandardsbinders, conductiveagentsandasanodegraphite. Thecost
pricecalculationsofabatterypack includingasimplepassivebatterymanagements system(BMS)
andcasingarevisuallyrepresented inFigure6. Thecostof432dollar/kWhisdominatedbymaterial
cost representing65%of theoverall cost. Similar results canbe foundin literature [56,62] inwhich the
material costvariesbetween60–80%.Thetwomostcostlycomponentsare thepositiveandnegative
electrode. Theserequirenoblematerialsandareusedinhighquantities inabatterypackexplaining
theirhighcost. Adetailedbreakdownanalysis of thenegative electrode is also shown inFigure6
inwhich it is clear that theactivematerial is themaindriverof thecostof theelectrode(62%of the
negativeelectrodecost).Asimilar trendcanbeseen in thepositiveelectrode.
Whenincludingtheprofitmarginsoftheproducerandmiddlemanasalespriceof670dollar/kwh
isreached. ThebreakdownisvisualizedinFigure7.Alsohere theexpensiveelectrodesrepresenta
significantcostof28%. Since thesepricesarevalid for lowproductionquantities, it ishardtocompare
themwiththepricingofanautomotivebatterypack,howevercomparisonscanbefoundvaryingfrom
700–1300Dollar/kWh[63–65]ofbatterypackssold in lowerquantities.
Figure6.Costbreakdownofbattery Iwithaspecial focusontheanodecomposition.
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Emerging Technologies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles
- Title
- Emerging Technologies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles
- Editor
- MDPI
- Location
- Basel
- Date
- 2017
- Language
- English
- License
- CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
- ISBN
- 978-3-03897-191-7
- Size
- 17.0 x 24.4 cm
- Pages
- 376
- Keywords
- electric vehicle, plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), energy sources, energy management strategy, energy-storage system, charging technologies, control algorithms, battery, operating scenario, wireless power transfer (WPT)
- Category
- Technik