Page - 116 - in Emerging Technologies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles

Energies 2017,10, 1314 3.5.1. Battery I—CostCalculation TheprocessofmanufacturingofNMClithium-ionbatteries iswellknown;however,avarietyof typesarestillpossible.ANMCwithratio6:2:2willbeusedasabaseline for thiscalculationssince this nickel rich typehasahighenergydensityandisconsideredthecurrent stateof theart. It isalsosuited to increase theoverall cellvoltagewhichwasdescribedasoneof the future trends. ThisNMC6:2:2 cathodewillbecombinedwithstandardsbinders, conductiveagentsandasanodegraphite. Thecost pricecalculationsofabatterypack includingasimplepassivebatterymanagements system(BMS) andcasingarevisuallyrepresented inFigure6. Thecostof432dollar/kWhisdominatedbymaterial cost representing65%of theoverall cost. Similar results canbe foundin literature [56,62] inwhich the material costvariesbetween60–80%.Thetwomostcostlycomponentsare thepositiveandnegative electrode. Theserequirenoblematerialsandareusedinhighquantities inabatterypackexplaining theirhighcost. Adetailedbreakdownanalysis of thenegative electrode is also shown inFigure6 inwhich it is clear that theactivematerial is themaindriverof thecostof theelectrode(62%of the negativeelectrodecost).Asimilar trendcanbeseen in thepositiveelectrode. Whenincludingtheprofitmarginsoftheproducerandmiddlemanasalespriceof670dollar/kwh isreached. ThebreakdownisvisualizedinFigure7.Alsohere theexpensiveelectrodesrepresenta significantcostof28%. Since thesepricesarevalid for lowproductionquantities, it ishardtocompare themwiththepricingofanautomotivebatterypack,howevercomparisonscanbefoundvaryingfrom 700–1300Dollar/kWh[63–65]ofbatterypackssold in lowerquantities. Figure6.Costbreakdownofbattery Iwithaspecial focusontheanodecomposition. 116