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energies
Article
NewElectro-ThermalBatteryPackModelof
anElectricVehicle
MuhammedAlhanouti 1,*,MartinGießler 1,ThomasBlank2 andFrankGauterin1
1 InstituteofVehicleSystemTechnology,KarlsruheInstituteofTechnology,Karlsruhe76131,Germany;
martin.giessler@kit.edu(M.G.); frank.gauterin@kit.edu(F.G.)
2 InstituteofDataProcessingandElectronics,Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen76344,Germany;
thomas.blank@kit.edu
* Correspondence:muhammed.alhanouti@partner.kit.edu;Tel.:+49-721-608-45328
AcademicEditor:MichaelGerardPecht
Received: 30May2016;Accepted: 12 July2016;Published: 20 July2016
Abstract:Sincetheevolutionoftheelectricandhybridvehicle, theanalysisofbatteries’characteristics
andinfluenceondrivingrangehasbecomeessential. This factadvocates thenecessityofaccurate
simulationmodelingforbatteries.Differentmodels for theLi-ionbatterycellarereviewedinthis
paperandagroupof thehighlydynamicmodels is selected for comparison. Anewopencircuit
voltage (OCV)model is proposed. Thenewmodel can simulate theOCVcurves of lithium iron
magnesiumphosphate (LiFeMgPO4)battery typeatdifferent temperatures. Italsoconsidersboth
charginganddischargingcases. Themost remarkable features fromdifferentmodels, inaddition
to theproposedOCVmodel,are integrated inasinglehybridelectricalmodel.Alumpedthermal
model is implementedtosimulate the temperaturedevelopment in thebatterycell. Thesynthesized
electro-thermalbatterycellmodel isextendedtomodelabatterypackofanactualelectricvehicle.
Experimental testsonthebattery,aswellasdrive testsonthevehicleareperformed.Theproposed
modeldemonstratesahighermodelingaccuracy, for thebatterypackvoltage, thantheconstituent
modelsunderextrememaneuverdrive tests.
Keywords: temperatureinfluence;newOCVmodel;batterycircuitmodel; synthesizedbatterymodel;
thermalmodel; electricvehicle
1. Introduction
Theglobalclimatechange,escalationinfuelcost,andtheenergyconsumption,urgedthenecessity
to replace the fossil fuelwith renewableandenvironment friendlyenergysources. Batteryelectric
vehicles (BEV)areonemajorapplication,demonstratingthereplacementof fossil fuelbyrenewable
energy. Li-ionbatterieshavebecomethepreferableenergystoragefor the futureelectricvehicles [1].
Theyreceivegreaterattentionthanotherbatterytypes, suchas lead-acidandnickel-cadmiumbatteries,
due to theirpracticalphysical characteristics. Theyhaveahighspecificenergy, specificpower,power
densityandalonglifecycle.Moreover, their self-dischargerate is lowercomparedtoother typesof
batteries [1–3].
Figure1demonstratesa typicaldischargecharacteristiccurveofa lithium-ionbattery. Thebattery
voltage extendsbetweenanupper and lowervoltage limitsVfull andVcut-off, respectively. Vcut-off
represents the empty state of the battery where the minimum allowable voltage is reached.
This restriction ismeant toprotect thebattery fromdeepdepletion. ThesectionformedbetweenVfull,
Vexp andthecorrespondencescapacityrates (C-rate)0andQexp is identifiedas theexponential region
of thedischargecharacteristic curve,atwhich thedischargedvoltagechangesexponentially regarding
tothebatterycapacity. ThevoltageholdsanapproximatelysteadyvalueforC-ratesbeyondQexpupto
thenominalC-rateQnom,where thenominalVnomvoltage is reached.Notonly is thebatteryvoltage
Energies 2016,9, 563;doi:10.3390/en9070563 www.mdpi.com/journal/energies126
Emerging Technologies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles
- Title
- Emerging Technologies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles
- Editor
- MDPI
- Location
- Basel
- Date
- 2017
- Language
- English
- License
- CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
- ISBN
- 978-3-03897-191-7
- Size
- 17.0 x 24.4 cm
- Pages
- 376
- Keywords
- electric vehicle, plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), energy sources, energy management strategy, energy-storage system, charging technologies, control algorithms, battery, operating scenario, wireless power transfer (WPT)
- Category
- Technik