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Energies 2016,9, 563
squarederrorbetweenthemeasuredvoltageandthesimulatedvoltagebymodel1 is less than1%.
However, itperformedtheworst in thesecondtest. Thegoodperformanceofmodel1 in thefirst test
ascribedto the fact that the test conditionswerenearlymatchingthestandardconditionfordefining
theconstantvoltage (E0).E0 isequal to thenominalvoltageat20˝C,which isequal to3.21Vandthe
initialvoltageof thesinglebatterycell isestimatedas3.25V.Whenthetest seconddrivingtestwas
performedatdifferentcircumstances, theoutcomewasnotasgoodas it in thefirstcase. Figure10a
revealsarelatively largeoffseterror in theresponseofbatterymodel1withameansquareerror (MSE)
ofabout2.24%.Model2performedmoderatelywithpercentageerrorsbetween1%and2%.Theoffset
errorsbetweenthereferencesignalandinitialvoltagevalueofbothbatterymodels2and3wereminor,
whereasEquation(3) isemployedinbothmodels for theestimationofVOC. Thesimulationresultsof
model3 indicate lessdynamicresponse thantheother twomodels. It couldnotconduct thedrastic
changes in thebatterycurrent inputsignal.
0 20 40 60 80
1002
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
SOC[%] Discharge measured at T=20°C
Charge measured at T=20°C
Voc of battery model 2
Voc of battery model 3
Figure7.ComparingtheVocmodelwithmeasuredexperimental results.
Table4.Accuracyof theproposedVOCmodel.
Temperature˝C MSEinDischargeModel% MSEinChargeModel%
10 0.5232 0.8914
20 0.5320 0.5719
40 0.5751 0.4522
ȱ
(a)ȱ ȱ
(b)
ȱ
(c)ȱ
Figure8.ThenewVocmodelandmeasuredexperimentaldata: (a)T=10˝C;(b)T=20˝C;(c)T=40˝C.
134
Emerging Technologies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles
- Title
- Emerging Technologies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles
- Editor
- MDPI
- Location
- Basel
- Date
- 2017
- Language
- English
- License
- CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
- ISBN
- 978-3-03897-191-7
- Size
- 17.0 x 24.4 cm
- Pages
- 376
- Keywords
- electric vehicle, plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), energy sources, energy management strategy, energy-storage system, charging technologies, control algorithms, battery, operating scenario, wireless power transfer (WPT)
- Category
- Technik