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Energies 2016,9, 563
ȱ
(e)ȱ (f)ȱ
0 50 100 150
200-10
-5
0
5
10
Time[s] MSE = 1.5176%
Figure 10. Battery simulation models and reference voltage signal for rapid acceleration and
decelerationdriving test: (a) Batterymodel 1 response; (b)Mean square error of batterymodel 1;
(c)Batterymodel2response; (d)Meansquareerrorofbatterymodel2; (e)Batterymodel3response
(f)Meansquareerror inbatterymodel3.
6.3. TheProposedSynthesizedBatteryModel
It is explicable that eachmodel has some flaws, as determined in Table 2. The simulation
results inFigures9and10provethateventhebestperformingmodelsneedtobefurther improved.
Accordingly, a synthesizedmodel that holds thebest qualities of eachmodel hasbeendeveloped.
First, thecharge-dischargecharacteristicsofmodel1areconsidered.Additionally, thedischargingpart
ourproposedVOC(SOC,T) isemployedinsteadofconstant(E0)value. Then,thehighlydetailedinternal
resistancemodelofbatterymodel2 incaseofdischarging,which is representedbyEquations (7)–(11),
(17)–(19), (21), (27) in Referance [20], is taking the place of the constant internal resistance (R).
Thecapacity fadingeffect is consideredbyaddingRcyc frombatterymodel3 to the internal resistance.
Theempirical equations incaseofdischargingare implementedbecause thecharging-discharging
hysteresis isproperlymodeledbymodel1. Thesynthesizedmodel is showninFigure11.
Figure11.Theproposedsynthesizedbatterymodel.
Incaseofdischarging, theoutputvoltagereads:
Vbatt “VOC,dischargepSOC,Tq´ ` RO`Rcyc`VS`VL ˘ ¨ i´K Q
Q´ it ¨ pit` i ˚q`Ae´B ¨ it (10)
andforcharging, theequationexpressedas:
Vbatt “VOC,dischargepSOC,Tq´ ` RO`Rcyc`VS`VL ˘ ¨ i´K Qit´0.1Q ¨ i˚´K QQ´it ¨ it`Ae´B ¨ it (11)
where
dVS
dt “ i
CS ´ VS
RSCS (12)
dVL
dt “ i
CL ´ VL
RLCL (13)
136
Emerging Technologies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles
- Title
- Emerging Technologies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles
- Editor
- MDPI
- Location
- Basel
- Date
- 2017
- Language
- English
- License
- CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
- ISBN
- 978-3-03897-191-7
- Size
- 17.0 x 24.4 cm
- Pages
- 376
- Keywords
- electric vehicle, plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), energy sources, energy management strategy, energy-storage system, charging technologies, control algorithms, battery, operating scenario, wireless power transfer (WPT)
- Category
- Technik