Page - 181 - in Emerging Technologies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles

Energies 2016,9, 270 optimal sitingofEVCSs isestablishedbyFDMinSection5. Section6performs theEVCSsitingby employingcombinationweightingandafuzzyGRA-VIKORmodel. Resultsdiscussionandsensitivity analysisareperformedtochecktherationalityandrobustnessof theproposedmodelandresults in Section7.ConclusionsaredrawninSection8. 2. LiteratureReview Theconstructionofelectricvehiclechargingstations is important in thewhole lifecycleof the electricvehicle industry.Meanwhile,anappropriatesiteandcapacity forEVCScannotonlybenefit therelatedstakeholders,butalsopromote thesustainabledevelopmentof theEVindustry.Over the lastdecade,manystudiesrelatedtotheeconomicandenvironmentalbenefit, influenceandtechnology in theEVindustryhavebeenconducted. Simpson[19]presentedacomparisonof thecosts (vehicle purchasecostsandenergycosts) andbenefits (reducedpetroleumconsumption)ofPHEVsrelated tohybrid-electricandconventionalvehicles. By2011 littlewasknownabout theeconomicrationale forpublic fast chargers forelectricvehicles,Schroeder et al. [20]aimedtoprovideaninsight into the business case for this technology in a case study forGermany. Hawkins et al. [21] developedand providedatransparentlifecycleinventoryofconventionalvehiclesandelectricvehicles,whichverified thatEVshavedecreasedglobalwarmingpotential (GWP)relative toconventionaldieselorgasoline vehicles.Matsuhashietal. [22]developedaprocess-relationalmodeltoestimatelifecycleCO2emissions fromelectricvehicles (EVs)andgasolinevehicles (GVs),which indicatedthat themanufactureand drivingofEVsproduces lessCO2 emissions thanthatofGVs. Putrus et al. [23]analyzedthe impactof electricvehiclesonexistingpowerdistributionnetworks, includingsupply/demandmatchingand potentialviolationsofstatutoryvoltage limits,powerqualityandimbalance.Clement-Nyns et al. [24] pointedout thatuncoordinatedpowerconsumptionona local scalewould leadtogridproblems,and computedtheoptimalchargingprofileofplug-inhybridelectricvehiclesbyminimizingthepower lossesandmaximizingthemaingrid load.Mets et al. [25]presentedsmartenergycontrol strategies basedonquadraticprogrammingforchargingPHEVs,aimingtominimize thepeak loadandflatten theoverall loadprofile. Rivera et al. [26]proposesanovelarchitecture forPEVDCchargingstations byusingagrid-tiedneutralpointclampedconverter. Research focusedonsitingandsizingofEVCSshasreceivedmuchmoreattention inrecentyears. Liu et al. [27]presentedamodifiedprimal-dual interiorpointalgorithmtosolve theoptimalsizingof EVchargingstations, inwhichenvironmental factorsandtheserviceradiusofEVchargingstations were considered. Wirges et al. [28]presentedadynamic spatialmodelof a charging infrastructure developmentforelectricvehicles intheGermanmetropolitanregionofStuttgart,andgeneratedseveral scenariosofacharging infrastructuredevelopmentuntil 2020. Jia et al. [29] introducedanoptimization process for the sizing and siting of electric vehicle charging stationswithminimized integrated cost of charging stations and consumers’ costs, inwhich the chargingdemandand roadnetwork structurewere variables. Aiming atminimizingusers’ losses on theway to the charging station, Ge et al. [30] determines the best location by using a Genetic Algorithm (GA) considering the traffic density and the charging station’s capacity constraints. Xi et al. [31] developed a simulation–optimizationmodel todetermine the locationofelectricvehiclechargers, andexploredthe interactionsbetweentheoptimizationcriterionandtheavailablebudget. Sathaye et al. [32]utilized a continuous facility locationmodel for optimally siting electric vehicle infrastructure inhighway corridors,andcarefullydealtwith the influenceofdemanduncertainty. Pashajavid et al. [33]proposed ascenariooptimizationbasedonaparticleswarmoptimization(PSO)algorithmtoallocatecharging stationsforplug-inelectricvehicles(PEVs),andamultivariatestochasticmodelingmethodologybased onthenotionofcopula isprovidedinorder todevelopaprobabilisticmodelof the loaddemanddue toPEVs.Zi etal. [34]presentedanadaptiveparticleswarmoptimization(APSO)algorithmtooptimize thesitingandsizingofelectricvehiclechargingstations,whichconsideredgeographic information, constructioncostsandrunningcosts. Inorder to installalternative fuelchargingstationsatsuitable locations foralternative-fuelvehicles (AFVs),You et al. [35]developedamixed-integerprogramming 181