Page - 276 - in Emerging Technologies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles

Energies 2017,10, 437 InFigure12, thedrivetrain lossandPEloss in regionP(t=665–695s)ofFigure11areshown. Thegear (9–150W),bearing(150–200W),andPGlosses (3–210W)(Figure12a)alwaysoccurwhenthe vehicledrives. ThegearandPGlossesshowedanalmostzerovalueataninstantwhenthetransmitted torque isverysmallduringregenerativebraking. AnMG1unloaded lossof400Woccurredwhen MG1wasfreelyrotating, suchas in theEV#1andregenerativebrakingmode.WhenMG1works, the MG1unloadedlossdoesnotappear. Instead, thePElossofMG1occurs (c). Thedrag lossesofBK1, BK2,andBK3(b)were20–45Wwhentheyweredisengaged. InregionP,since theseriesmodewas notused(e),BK1wasdisengagedandCL1wasengaged, causingadrag lossofBK1of30Wanda zerodrag lossofCL1. TheBK2losswaszero in theEV#2modewhenitwasengagedbutshoweda 20Wloss in theparallelmodewhenitwasdisengaged. It is seenthatadrag lossof45Woccurred in BK3whenBK3wasdisengaged. Inaddition,apumploss (b)of45Woccurred, supplyingthepressure for theengagementofBKandCL1. InFigure12c, thePElossesareshown.TheMG2lossof400–900W occurredbecauseMG2alwaysworkswhenthevehicledrives. TheMG1loss (500–700W)occurred in theEV#2mode. TheHDClossshowedarangeof0–50W. InFigure12d, the totaldrivetrain loss is shownwith thePEloss. It is seen that the totaldrivetrain loss (300–900W)wasalmost thesameas the PEloss (385–1260W),whichdemonstrates thatdrivetrain lossshouldbeconsideredwhenevaluating the fueleconomyforanewPHEVconfigurations. 7LPH VHF 0* 0* *HDU 0* XQORDGHG %HDULQJ 3* %. %. %. 3XPS &/ 1RGTCVKPI OQFG '8 '8 2QYGT URNKV 2CTCNNGN 5GTKGU 4GIGP 7RWDO GULYHWUDLQ ORVV 7RWDO 3( ORVV +'& F D E G H Figure 12. PE anddrivetrain loss for candidate # 16whendriving theHWFET cycle (665–695 s). (a,b)Drivetrain loss; (c)PE loss; (d)Power loss; (e)Operatingmode. InFigure13a,b, theoperatingmodesareplotted,whichprovide theminimumfuelconsumption for thedemandedwheelpowerandvehiclespeed. Theoperatingmodewasselectedfromtheglobal optimizationusingdynamicprogramming. It is seenfromthedynamicprogrammingresults that the 276