Page - 342 - in Emerging Technologies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles

Energies 2017,10, 315 Basedonthese twoassumptions,ananalysiscomparingtheenergyaccumulatedbythevehicle withACASand thevehiclewithoutACASwasconducted, and the results are showninFigure28. The recordedaccumulatedenergyat the 30 secondmark (shown inFigure 28) is 0.067Whfor the vehiclewithoutACAS, and0.091Wh for thevehiclewithACAS, respectively. Assuming that the experimentcontinuedat this rate foranhour, the totalaccumulatedenergieswouldbe8.04Whand 10.92Wh for thevehiclewithoutACASand thevehiclewithACAS, respectively. Basedon these values, thevehiclewith theACASreceived26%moreaccumulatedenergythanthevehiclewithout theACAS. Figure28.ComparisonofestimatedenergyaccumulatedbyavehiclewithACASandavehiclewithout ACAS(basedongeneratedpower in the loadcoil showninFigure24). 5.Conclusions ThispaperhasproposedanACASforEVswithDWCtomaximize thepowerdeliveredto the loadcoil,bykeepingthevehiclealignedwith thesourcecoilasmuchaspossible. TheproposedACAS systemwasverifiedthroughsimulationsandexperiments. Twoseparateexperimentswereconducted atdifferentpower levels. Onewas conductedat~90W, and theother at~10W.The experiments verifiedtheoperatingconceptof thesensorcoil,which is thekeycomponentusedtodeterminethe left/rightsidemisalignment. Inaddition,ananalysisbasedontheresultsof thesecondexperiment demonstrated theadvantageof theproposedACAS in thevehicle,where26%moreenergycould beaccumulatedbykeepingthevehicle’s loadcoilalignedwiththesourcecoil. By incorporatingan improved steering controllerwhichhas a faster response to the vehicle’s characteristics, it canbe expected thatmoreenergycouldbesaved. TheACASprovidesasolution toresolve thereduction inpowerreceivedin the loadcoilduringDWCduetomisalignment,andultimatelyprovidehigher efficiencyandlongerdrivingranges forEVswithDWC. Supplementary Materials: The following are available online at www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/10/3/315/s1, Video S1: video showing the overall operation of the autonomous coil alignment system (ACAS). It can be seenthat thevehicle’s steeringposition isautonomouslyadjustedoncesignificantmisalignment isdetected. Acknowledgments:This researchwassupportedbytheMSIP(MinistryofScience, ICTandFuturePlanning), Korea,under theITRC(InformationTechnologyResearchCenter) supportprogram(IITP-2016-R2718-16-0012) supervised by the IITP (National IT Industry PromotionAgency) and the IT R&Dprogram ofMSIP/IITP. (B0138-16-1002,StudyontheEMFexposurecontrol insmart society). AuthorContributions: KaramHwang conceived anddesigned the experiments; KaramHwangperformed the experiments; KaramHwang, JaeyongCho,DongwookKim, and JaehyoungPark, andSeungyoungAhn analyzed the data; Jong Hwa Kwon, Sang Il Kwak, Hyun Ho Park, and Seungyoung Ahn contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools;KaramHwangandSeungyoungAhnwrote thepaper. Conflictsof Interest:Theauthorsdeclarenoconflictof interest. 342