Page - 349 - in Emerging Technologies for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles

Energies 2016,9, 240 wasdeveloped to simultaneously control the indoorair temperatureandhumiditybyvarying the compressorspeedandsupplyfanspeed[43]. Thecontrollability tests includingcommandfollowing testanddisturbancerejectiontest showedthat theartificialneuralnetwork-basedwasable to track changes in setpointsand to resistdisturbanceswithanadequate control accuracy. Although these controlalgorithmsaremainlyapplied inbuildingACsystems, in theory, theyarealsosuitable for the ACsystemsofEVs. ȱ Figure3.Schematicdiagramof theartificialneuralnetwork-basedcontrollerarrangement [43]. 2.3.NovelComponents Manyscholarshave focusedon improving theperformanceofdiverse componentsandparts of theheatpumpAC,especially thecompressorandheatexchangers. Theelectric scroll compressor is themost commontypeused in theACsystemsofEVs. Ithasbeenwidelyacceptedautomakers likeToyota,BYD,Densoandsoon[44–47].Makino et al. [48]developedanelectriccompressorwith various technologiesas showninFigure4. This compressorhadhighreliability, lowvibrationand noise, small sizeandlightweight,andhighefficiency.At thesametime, it showedsuperiorcomfort andcoolingperformance,equivalent to thatofcurrentengine-drivencompressors. To furtherenhance theelectriccompressorperformanceandefficiency, thedrivemotorwasincludedin[49–51]. Besidesof theelectricscroll compressor,other typesofcompressorswerealsoproposedfor theEVheatpumpAC system.Weietal. [52]presentedexperimental investigationsofanEVheatpumpACsystemseparately integratedwithaswashplatevariabledisplacementcompressor,ascroll compressorandanelectric scrollcompressor. Fortheambienttemperatureof´10˝C,theaveragevehiclecabintemperatureswere 12˝C,10˝Cand5˝C,respectively. Theconclusionsshowedthat,whentheambient temperaturewas below´10˝C, theaveragevehiclecabin temperatureusingtheswashplatebasedsystemwashigher thanusing theother twooptions. That is tosay, theswashplatevariabledisplacementcompressor isagoodchoice foranEVheatpumpACsysteminlowtemperatureenvironments.Atypeofvane compressorwithdoubleworkingcavities thatwasdrivenbyafrequencymodulatedelectricmotor wasdesignedin[53]. Therewasnoobviousdifference inperformancebetweenthenewcompressor andtheelectric scroll compressor,while the formercompressorwasdistinctive insimplestructure, manufactureandassembly. Therefore, it canbeappliedtoEVheatpumpACsystemsinsteadof the electric scroll compressor. In [54], aminiature electricallydriven turbocompressorwaspresented. Themeasurementsshowedthattheheating,ventilation,andACsystemwiththisturbocompressorhad anultra-compactsizeandhighefficiency. Sakai et al. [55]developeda2-waydrivencompressor,but thiscompressorcanonlybeusedinhybridEVs.Althoughthesenovelcompressorsweredeveloped, therearemore tasks thatmustbecompletedbefore theycanbewidelyapplied inEVs,except for the electric scroll compressor. 349