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containingbiocidal additives, plasticisers or flame retardants are likely to bemore
environmentally hazardous, as these substances may leach out of the polymer
matrix.
One effect mechanism is being highlighted as important for both engineered
nanomaterials andnano- andmicroplastics, namely, physical interactions between
the particle and the organisms [43]. This includes inflammation and interference
with theenergybalancecausedbyuptakeofparticles into thegut, thereby limiting
food uptake.Different types of engineered nanomaterials, aswell as nanoplastics,
have been observed to adhere to the surface ofmicroalgae, potentially causing a
physical shadingeffectonacellular level [44].Physical effectsofmicroplasticson
marine organisms have been reviewed recently [45], and mechanisms that have
been described as potentially relevant include blockage of the digestive system,
abrasionof tissues,blockageoffeedingappendagesof invertebrates,embedment in
tissues,blockageofenzymeproduction,reducedfeedingstimulus,nutrientdilution,
decreased growth rates, lower steroid hormone levels and impaired reproduction.
Table 1 presents an overview of effects in response to the physical particle prop-
erties that havebeenobserved in different species.
The potential of microplastics to cause such physical effects on organisms
depends on a number of factors. Particles with a high capacity to accumulate in
Table 1 Examples of biological effects observed in aquatic organisms after exposure to
engineerednanoparticles or nano- andmicroplastics
Engineerednanoparticles Nano- andmicroplastics
Molecular/cellular level
Oxidative stressa
Inhibitionof photosynthesis (shading)b DNAdamage anddifferential gene expressionl
Cellular stress response and impaired
metabolismm
Tissue level
Histopathological changesc
Transfer into cellsd Tissuedamagen
Transfer into tissueso
Organ/organismal level
Morphologicalmalformatione
Decreased swimmingvelocitiesf
Increasedmucusproductiong
Toxic effects of released ionsh
Decreasedgrowth rates andbiomass
productioni
Moulting inhibitionj
Impairedmobilityk Impaired respirationp
Impaired feedingq
Impaireddevelopment and reproductionr
Decreasedgrowthratesandbiomassproductions
Behavioural changest
Increasedmortalityu
aIn algae [46]; bin algae [47]; cin fish [48]; din algae [49]; ein fish embryos [50]; fin crustaceans
[51]; gin fish [52]; hin algae [53]; iin algae [7]; jin crustaceans [54]; kin crustaceans [51]; lin
echinoderms [55], bivalves [56β58] and fish [59]; min polychaetes [60], echinoderms [55],
bivalves [56β58, 61] and fish [62β64]; nin fish [59, 64, 65]; oin crustaceans [66], mussels
[67, 68] and fish [69]; pin polychaetes [70], crustaceans [71] and bivalves [72]; qin polychaetes
[60, 73], crustaceans [74, 75], bivalves [72, 76, 77] and fish [62]; rin crustaceans [74, 78, 79],
echinoderms [80], bivalves [58] andfish [81]; sin crustaceans [75, 79] and bivalves [72]; tin fish
[62, 81, 82]; uin crustaceans [75, 83], bivalves [72] andfish [84]
AquaticEcotoxicity ofMicroplastics andNanoplastics: LessonsLearned from. . . 35
Freshwater Microplastics
Emerging Environmental Contaminants?
- Title
- Freshwater Microplastics
- Subtitle
- Emerging Environmental Contaminants?
- Authors
- Martin Wagner
- Scott Lambert
- Publisher
- Springer Open
- Date
- 2018
- Language
- English
- License
- CC BY 4.0
- ISBN
- 978-3-319-61615-5
- Size
- 15.5 x 24.1 cm
- Pages
- 316
- Categories
- Naturwissenschaften Chemie