Page - 96 - in Freshwater Microplastics - Emerging Environmental Contaminants?

observed in lakes from remote areas in Mongolia and in central Tibet. Waste management systems need to be improved in these developingAsian countries to mitigate the microplastic pollution problems. Along with abundance, features of microplastic samples such as shapes, sizes, colors, surface textures, and polymer typesweremeasured in thesestudies,whichcanbeused to interpret theoriginsand experiencesof themicroplastics.Thesepreliminary results call for further research efforts to better understand the sources and fate ofmicroplastics in inlandwaters. The biological and ecological risk of microplastic exposure should be assessed especially at environmentally relevant circumstances. Sampling, pretreatment, and reporting of microplastics should be standardized for the future monitoring programs. References 1.AndradyAL,NealMA (2009)Applications and societal benefits of plastics. Philos TransR SocBBiol Sci 364(1526):1977–1984 2.Wright SL, Thompson RC, Galloway TS (2013) The physical impacts of microplastics on marine organisms: a review.EnvironPollut 178:483–492 3.Bakir A, Rowland SJ, ThompsonRC (2014) Enhanced desorption of persistent organic pol- lutants from microplastics under simulated physiological conditions. Environ Pollut 185: 16–23 4.YangCZ,YanigerSI, JordanVC,KleinDJ,BittnerGD(2011)Most plastic products release estrogenic chemicals:Apotential healthproblem that canbe solved.EnvironHealthPerspect 119(7):989–996 5.ArthurC,BakerJ,BamfordH(eds) (2008)Proceedingsof theinternational researchworkshop on the occurrence, effects and fate of microplastic marine debris. NOAA technical memo- randumNOS-OR&R-30, 9–11Sept 2008 6.Hidalgo-RuzV,GutowL,ThompsonRC,ThielM (2012)Microplastics in themarine envi- ronment:a reviewof themethodsusedfor identificationandquantification.EnvironSciTech- nol 46(6):3060–3075 7.RochmanCM,HohE,KurobeT,TehSJ(2013)Ingestedplastic transfershazardouschemicals tofish and induces hepatic stress. SciRep3:3263 8.Browne MA, Dissanayake A, Galloway TS, Lowe DM, Thompson RC (2008) Ingested microscopic plastic translocates to the circulatory system of themussel,Mytilus edulis (L.) EnvironSciTechnol 42(13):5026–5031 9.SeltenrichN (2015)New link in the food chain?Marineplastic pollution and seafood safety. EnvironHealthPerspect 123(2):A34–A41 10. daCosta JP, Santos PSM,DuarteAC,Rocha-SantosT (2016) (Nano)plastics in the environ- ment – sources, fates and effects. SciTotalEnviron566–567:15–26 11. Ivar do Sul JA, Costa MF (2014) The present and future of microplastic pollution in the marine environment. EnvironPollut 185:352–364 12.VanCauwenbergheL,DevrieseL,GalganiF,Robbens J, JanssenCR(2015)Microplastics in sediments: a reviewof techniques, occurrence and effects.MarEnvironRes111:5–17 13.LawKL,More´t-FergusonS,MaximenkoNA,ProskurowskiG,PeacockEE,Hafner J,Reddy CM (2010) Plastic accumulation in theNorthAtlantic subtropical gyre. Science 329(5996): 1185–1188 96 C.Wuet al.