Page - 354 - in Glaubenskämpfe - Katholiken und Gewalt im 19. Jahrhundert

354 English Abstracts a boycott of Jewish shops in 1898  – these outbreaks of violence are better understood as examples of practices of peasant self-empowerment, which were justified in rational as well as (in part) religious terms. Other than high- lighting a progressive entanglement of religion and politics, the violence’s increasingly anti-Semitic direction caused religious difference to be more strongly understood along ethnic and national lines. In sum, the collective orgies of violence contributed to the politicization of the Galician peasantry in the late nineteenth century. Philip Dwyer Religion and Violence during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars: Between Tradition and Modernity During the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, popular resistance to the French occupation and annexation of European territories was often driven by a rejection of the secularising principles of the Revolution, engendering what can be described as a form of religious-centred violence  – i.e. violence motivated by religious faith. Not all violent resistance to the French was reli- giously motivated, though, just as not all counter-revolutionaries were devout believers. Yet, religion played a larger role, both as a direct cause for revolt and in inspiring opposition, than many historians of the period have admitted. Focusing on a number of key Catholic regions across Europe where the Revo- lutionary and Napoleonic armies clashed with local populations, this chapter contends that violent resistance to the French was often driven by and placed within a Catholic worldview; opposition would be framed as a pious as well as devotional activity and defended as a spiritual necessity. Although such religiously motivated violence was very much a product of its time, it also helped to shape a distinctive nineteenth-century Catholicism. Sean Farrell The Trillick Railway Outrage: The Politics of Atrocity in Post-Famine Ulster On 15 September 1854, a train carrying an estimated eight hundred men and women was derailed as it approached the train station outside of Tril- lick, a small village in north-western Ireland. This was no accident, since the train was driven off course by the placement of three large boulders on the recently opened railway. One of the world’s first »train wreckings«, the inci-