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SOC. The charging rate at battery SOC of 80% is about 16 kW. On the other hand, during win- ter, the charging rate reaches about 35 kW instantaneously in relatively short duration and then decreases following the increase of battery SOC. In addition, the charging rate at battery SOC of 80% is about 10 kW. Figure 2 shows both current and voltage changes during charging under different seasons. The curves of charging current are almost similar to charging rates in Figure 1. Lithium-ion Figure 2. Current and voltage during charging in different seasons: (a) winter, (b) summer. Hybrid Electric Vehicles70