Page - 72 - in Hybrid Electric Vehicles

possible participation to the grid-ancillary programs such as spinning reserve and frequency regulations, (5) facilitating as storage for surplus electricity in the electrical grid due to high generated power by renewable energy and excess power and (6) providing an emergency back-up to the surrounding community in which it is installed. Figure 3 represents the schematic diagram of the proposed BAC (solid and dashed lines serve both electricity and information streams, respectively). A community energy management system (CEMS) correlates to the whole management of energy throughout the community, covering supply, demand and storage. It monitors and controls the energy inside the com- munity to ensure the comfort and security of community members as well as minimize the environmental influences and social cost. Concretely, CEMS communicates with other EMSs under its authority including electricity price and supply and demand forecast. In addition, it also negotiates with other CEMS or utilities outside the community to achieve the largest benefits for the whole community. In the electricity stream, there are three main components that are connected by high-capacity DC lines: 1) AC/DC inverter, 2) stationary battery for storage and buffer and 3) quick charger for vehicles. The AC/DC inverter receives the electricity from electrical grid and converts it to Figure 3. Schematic diagram of BAC system for PHEV and BEV. Hybrid Electric Vehicles72