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HEV hybridelectricvehicle ICE internal combustionengine OOL optimaloperation line PMSG permanentmagnetic synchronousgenerator PMSM permanentmagnetic synchronousmotor SOC stateof charge Authordetails EnhuaWang1,FuyuanYang2andMinggaoOuyang2* *Addressall correspondence to:ouymg@tsinghua.edu.cn 1 SchoolofMechanicalEngineering,Beijing InstituteofTechnology,Beijing,China 2 StateKeyLaboratoryofAutomotiveSafetyandEnergy,TsinghuaUniversity,Beijing,China References [1] Kuhne R. Electric buses—An energy efficient urban transportationmeans. Energy. 2010;35:4510–4513. [2] Chiara F, CanovaM. A review of energy consumption, management, and recovery in automotive systems, with considerations of future trends. Proc I Mech Eng D-J Aut. 2013;227:914–936. [3] Lajunen A. Energy consumption and cost-benefit analysis of hybrid and electric city buses.TransportResC.2014;38:1–15. [4] Shen J, Dusmez S, KhalighA. Optimization of sizing and battery cycle life in battery/ ultracapacitorhybridenergystoragesystems forelectricvehicleapplications. IEEETInd Electron.2014;10:2112–2121. [5] CapassoC,VeneriO. Experimental analysis on theperformance of lithiumbasedbatte- ries for road full electricandhybridvehicles.ApplEnerg.2014;136:921–930. [6] Koohi-Kamali S, Tyagi VV, RahimNA, Panwar NL,Mokhlis H. Emergence of energy storage technologies as the solution for reliable operation of smart power systems: A review.RenewSustEnergRev.2013;25:135–165. [7] Vangari M, Pryor T, Jiang L. Supercapacitors: Review of materials and fabrication methods. JEnergyEng.2013;139:72–79. [8] ZhangLL,ZhaoXS.Carbon-basedmaterialsassupercapacitorelectrodes.ChemSocRev. 2009;38:2520–2531. Hybrid Electric Vehicles102