Page - 240 - in Intelligent Environments 2019 - Workshop Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Intelligent Environments

2. Key Terms 2.1 Team-based learning (TBL) Team-based learning (TBL) is an active and widely-adopted learning method to help students achieve course objectives and learn how to function in teams [4]. It is grounded in constructivism and social learning theories. According to Michaelsen and colleagues [5], the premise of TBL is to promote active and effective learning through small group interactions across a semester. Research conducted by Gomez, Wu, and Passerini [6] and Sibley [7] indicates that TBL is also suitable for large class settings. However, traditional TBL approaches, especially in large-size classes, present many challenges [6]. For example, the time spent on the in-class activity may vary from team to team, leaving limited time and space for the interaction between different teams and with the instructor. With mobile technology providing portability, social interactivity, context sensitivity, connectivity, and individuality [8], team-based mobile learning becomes a potential solution to the problems occurring in large-size classes, where collaborative learning might have been carried out without using online or mobile technologies. 2.2 Mobile Learning (mLearning) Mobile learning refers to the learning method taking place via wireless mobile devices, such as smart phones, PDAs, and tablet PCs, through which these devices are able to move with the learners to allow learning anytime, anywhere [9] [10]. According to Crompton and Traxler [11], mobile learning (mLearning) can be a potential game- changer for higher education. Many research findings [12] [13] [14] have exemplified the positive effects of mobile learning in formal and informal education. In contrast, Chu [15] argued that mobile learning might be disappointing or may even negatively affect the students learning achievements if without proper treatment employed. To address this problem, therefore, it is necessary to propose a model or framework to guide through mobile learning. 3. Existing Framework for Mobile Learning In this section, we introduce several existing models and frameworks for mobile learning and team-based learning. 3.1 The Framework for the Rational Analysis of Mobile Education (FRAME) Model The Framework for the Rational Analysis of Mobile Education (FRAME) model (Figure 1) was developed as a basis for assessing the effectiveness of mobile devices for distance learning by Koole [16]. It incorporates aspects related to the learner and the mobile device, as well as the social aspects and content design. In the model, Mobile Learning (ABC) is the convergence of device usability aspect (A), learner aspect (B), and social aspect (C). It also represents the central intersection of context learning (AB), interaction learning (BC), and social computing (AC). The framework implies that content for mobile devices must be designed in the form of learning Q.Zhuetal. /Team-BasedMobileLearning: AFramework forSupporting InteractiveLearning240