Page - 111 - in JRFM - Journal Religion Film Media, Volume 07/02

Making Space, Claiming Place | 111www.jrfm.eu 2021, 7/2, 107–131 different newspapers using the key term “Muslim party”. I also draw on data collected from digital ethnographic fieldwork. While these parties are mostly active on Facebook and Twitter,17 I focus solely on Facebook here. From an ethnological perspective, the use of digital media by these par- ties provides an opportunity to study the ways they foster resistance against dominant narratives on Islam using social media platforms, so without be- ing confined by geographical boundaries, and allows for fieldwork to be more open-ended and dispersed than more conventional fieldwork.18 At the same time, however, it also presents a whole range of (novel) research chal- lenges.19 A central and ongoing discussion concerns ethics – for example, what do “public” and “private” mean in the context of digital ethnography?20 Taking my cue from Tom Boellstorff and others with regard to participatory observation, I was a visible and identifiable participant during live sessions, taking fieldwork notes while listening, and occasionally posing questions to speakers in the session.21 Dutch, Muslim, and Digitally Literate Dutch national identity, or “Dutchness”, is one of the highly politicized themes that plays a central role in the integration debate for Dutch Mus- lims with a migration background. In the narrative that currently dominates politics and society, Muslims need to “attain” Dutchness by “feelings of at- tachment, belonging, connectedness, and loyalty to their country of resi- dence”.22 The idea that Islam or “Islamic cultures” are fundamentally incom- patible with Dutch values, norms, and heritage underpins this narrative.23 However, Muslims with a migration background have increasingly resist- ed this notion, together with normalizing the problematization of Islam, visibly and publicly. They question the dominant assumption that their re- 17 Jacobs/Spierings 2016. 18 Burrell 2009. 19 Pink/Horst/Postill/Hjorth/Lewis/Tacchi 2015. 20 Góralska 2020. 21 Boellstorff/Nardi/Pearce/Taylor 2012. 22 Duyvendak/Geschiere/Tonkens 2016, 3. 23 For instance, with regard to a sexual politics in which Muslim citizens are perceived as re- pressed and homophobic and Dutchness is perceived as characterized by sexual tolerance and liberty. For more, see Mepschen/Duyvendak/Tonkens 2010, 962–979.