Page - 118 - in JRFM - Journal Religion Film Media, Volume 07/02

118 | Sakina Loukili www.jrfm.eu 2021, 7/2, 107–131 what that label implied.57 DENK explicitly addressed the question of whether they were a Muslim party fairly early on,58 but even today continues to be labeled just that by various news outlets.59 From a scholarly point of view, the insistence on labeling DENK and NIDA as Muslim or immigrant parties might be understood as a form of framing around cultural outgroups, which has been studied extensively. In her dis- sertation on media and audience framing of Muslims, Anouk van Drunen notes several categories of framing found in the relevant literature.60 One of them is the “outsider’s view”, which does not allow Muslims their “own” voice or understands them to speak only as representatives of a homoge- nous group. They are, as Wasif Shadid suggests, “culturally generalized”.61 Other studies have analyzed cases of media framing of Islam and Muslims in the Netherlands, often focusing on aspects such as stereotypical imagery in relation to terrorism or playing into a West versus Islam dichotomy.62 One theme that remains particularly prominent in the (academic) discussion that addresses media framing of Muslims concerns the framing of Muslim women,63 and more recently the response of Muslim women in countering that framing by employing social media platforms.64 In the next two sections, I will briefly expand on this issue and focus on a recent case of media framing of Muslim women in mainstream Dutch news- papers. This case is interesting because it demonstrates how an instance of (perceived) mainstream media framing of Islam was picked up by NIDA on social media, which became the alternative space from where they engage critically with established (offline) media. These dynamics of engagement between different media platforms is further evidenced by examples of how DENK and NIDA use social media to foster resistance against dominant nar- ratives on Islam and Muslims in Dutch society – sometimes explicitly in 57 Hoogstad 2014; Unknown author 2014a; Unknown author 2014b. 58 In response to the question of whether DENK is a Muslim party, they stated that they were a party that “many Muslims will feel comfortable with, but also for non-Muslims who are fed up with the bleak right-wing climate [of Dutch politics]”; Niemandsverdriet 2015. 59 Regional newspaper Dagblad 010 (Unknown author 2019) even referred to them as a “Turk- ish” Muslim party. 60 Van Drunen 2014. 61 Shadid 2005; 2009. 62 Shadid 2009. 63 Navarro 2010. 64 Islam 2019.