Page - 363 - in Menschenrechte und Gerechtigkeit als bleibende Aufgaben - Beiträge aus Religion, Theologie, Ethik, Recht und Wirtschaft

© 2020, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen ISBN Print: 9783847111658 – ISBN E-Lib: 9783737011655 Amputation isoneof thepunishments foreseen in theSPCO, thoughonly if thecrimeisprovenbyaspecifictypeofevidence:aconfessionoftheaccused,or thetestimonyoftwowitnesses.TheSPCOsanctionssariqah–theftaboveavalue ofUSD250–withamputationof the righthand for the first offence, of the left foot for the secondoffence, and imprisonment of up to 15 years for the third offence. Hirabah – armed robbery – may be punishable by death as hadd (punishmentmandatedbyGod– thoughnotby stoning), orbyamputationof both the right hand and left foot, again depending on the type of evidence. Is otherevidenceusedtosecuretheconviction,punishmentmayconsistof fineof up to USD 56,000 and/or up to 14 years imprisonment in the case of theft, imprisonment ofup to 30years andup to 40 lasheswith awhip in the case of robbery.22 TheSPCO foresees thepunishmentofdeathby stoningorup to100 lashes, given a confession of the accused or the testimonyof fourwitnesses, for zina (extramaritalsexualintercourseinvolvingatleastoneMuslimparty–sometimes understoodasadultery),23zinabil-jabar(extramaritalrape),24and liwat(sexual intercourse between twomen, or anal sex – “done against nature” –of anun- marriedheterosexual couple, regardless of their religion)25. Sexual intercourse between twowomen–musahaqah– is likewise criminalised, though the pun- ishment of a fine ofUSD40,000, imprisonment of up to tenyears, or up to 40 lashes is comparativelymilder.26 IrtidadbyMuslims–which includesapostasy aswell as acts suchasdeclaringoneself a godandderiding theQur’anand the hadith–ispunishablebydeathashadd, imprisonmentorwhipping.27Likewise, contemptorderisionof theprophet,Qur’anor thehadithbyanon-Muslim is punishablebydeath.28ThedrinkingofliquororintoxicatingdrinksbyaMuslim ispunishablebyup to80 lashesandupto twoyears imprisonment.29 Finally,thoughnotthreatenedwithcapitalorcorporalpunishment,theSPCO criminalises the following acts: pregnancyor childbirth of unmarriedMuslim women (except in cases of rape), with the burden of proof resting on the woman;30 khalwatwhich includes at least oneMuslimpartner – extramarital cohabitationofacouple,or“isolatingoneselfincloseproximitythatcanleadsto suspicionthattheyarecommittinganimmoralact;31cross-dressing;32“enticing 22 SPCO2013, section53–63. 23 Ibid, section68f. 24 Ibid, section75f. 25 Ibid, section82. 26 Ibid, section92. 27 Ibid, section107–112. 28 Ibid, section221–222. 29 Ibid, section104. 30 Ibid, section94. 31 Ibid, section196. The impactof religiononuniversalhumanrights inBrunei’sSyariahPenalCode 363 Open-Access-Publikation im Sinne der CC-Lizenz BY 4.0