Page - 536 - in Menschenrechte und Gerechtigkeit als bleibende Aufgaben - Beiträge aus Religion, Theologie, Ethik, Recht und Wirtschaft

© 2020, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen ISBN Print: 9783847111658 – ISBN E-Lib: 9783737011655 cludingFacebook), and intelligenceorganizations,with low levelsof trust in federal or state governments, and the UN, with lowest levels of trust in Facebook. 3. TheChallengesofAI forSocialEthics The 2017 PewResearch Centre ReportCode-Dependent Pros and Cons of the AlgorithmicAge6alsocaptures theambivalence that thepublic andresearchers alike feel about deep learning andAI.Moreover, it also identifies some of the fundamentalethicalquestionsofconcerntothepublic,aboutthevaluesthatare embedded in machine learning and AI, about threats to civil liberties, the magnificationofbiasanddiscrimination,aboutpoliticalmanipulation,financial monitoring and lackof transparency, and about the risks ofmoral decision-- making by algorithm. For example, facial recognition systems based on deep learning have the capacity to make surveillance systems far more powerful thereby risking undermining civil and political liberties. Technologies like Google Facenet Facebook’s DeepFace or the FindFaceApp can not only de- termine identities with near-perfect accuracy, but they can also identify and anticipatebehaviourpatternsamongst citizens.Thedeploymentof these tech- nologies iswidespread, but citizens are generally unaware of levels of surveil- lance.Chinaprovidesaparticularlyextremeexampleoftheextensiveandmostly hiddendeploymentofsurveillancetechnologies.Themostrecentexpos8wasin May2019whenTechcrunchexposedhowChinauses facial recognitiontodetect ethnicitiesandtolabelthemasHanChineseorUyghurMuslims.7IndeedForbes describes the city ofXinjiang as ‘anunconstrainedhigh-tech surveillance lab- oratory’where, as also reportedbyHumanRightsWatch, the smartphoneapp that isusedby thepolicepackagesmultipledatasourcesonmonitoredcitizens andthentracksthemsothat‘bymonitoringthe“trajectory”andlocationdataof theirphones,IDcards,andvehicles; italsomonitoringtheuseofelectricityand gasstationsofeverybody intheregion.’8Thereportgoesontonote that ‘this is consistentwithXinjiang local government statements that emphasize officials must collect data for the IJOPsystem ina “comprehensivemanner” from“ev- 6 PewResearchCentre,Code-DependentPros andConsof theAlgorithmicAge,Washington, DC2017. 7 TechcrunchMay32019, see:https://techcrunch.com/2019/05/03/china-smart-city-exposed/ (accessedonMay21st2019). 8 Human Rights Watch, China’s Algorithms of Repression Reverse Engineering a Xinjiang PoliceMassSurveillanceApp,NewYork,May1st2019. LindaHogan536 Open-Access-Publikation im Sinne der CC-Lizenz BY 4.0