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© 2020, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen ISBN Print: 9783847111658 – ISBN E-Lib: 9783737011655 and deeper into business practices the problem of the amplification and re- inscription of bias becomes a major ethical problem. The transparency and explicability of decisions, i.e. the problem of the black box’, is also an issue althoughsomerecentlydevelopedtechniqueslikeruleextractiongosomewayto address this issue. 4. BeneficialAI:HowandWho? Max Tegmark characterises the responses to AI as being composed of three different kinds. There are, he argues, the techno-sceptics, the digital utopians and those who belong to the beneficial AI movement.13 The techno-sceptics deem the prospect of superintelligences and other such developments to be unlikelyandbelievethatthecurrentconversationissimplyare-runofanearlier apocalyptic discussionbasedon similarly extravagant claims.Digital utopians exemplified,accordingtoTegmark,byLarryPageofGooglebelievethat ‘digital lifeisthenaturalanddesirablenextstepinthecosmicevolutionandthatifwelet digitalminds be free rather than try to stop or enslave them, the outcome is almost certain to be good’14Those promoting the beneficial AImovement by contrast see great potential for AI, but insist that the goalmust be beneficial intelligence, not simply undirected intelligence. They recognise that the ques- tions raisedbyAIareofmonumentalmoral significance forhumanity andare focusedonensuring that technologicaldevelopmentsandethicalconversations gohand inhand.15 If technological developments and ethical conversations are to go hand in hand then this currentmoment presents us with an opportunity to consider whichvaluesoughttobeembeddedinthedesignofAI,inwhoseinterest,andfor whosebenefitthecontextsofAIdeploymentshouldbedecidedandwhatkindsof regulatoryandsupervisorystructuresareneeded?Likeallmajor technological developmentsthroughhistory,AIwill transformsocialandpoliticalnorms,and willcreatenewcontextsinwhichtherewillbebeneficiariesandlosers.Itwillalter thenatureofwork,will revolutionisehealthcare andwill providepersonalised versionsofmedicine, education, informationandentertainment for thosewho canpay. Indeed, this iswellunderstoodby thepublic,asseenfromthemultiple analysesoftheirperceptionofAIanditsimpact.Asthequestionofwhichvalues oughttoguideAIdevelopmentisdiscusseditisimportanttorememberthatAIis notdevelopedordeployedinavacuum.Rather,thevaluesthatareembeddedand 13 MaxTegmark,Life3.0BeingHumanintheageofArtificial Intelligence,USA2017. 14 Ibid., pp.30–37. 15 Idem. LindaHogan538 Open-Access-Publikation im Sinne der CC-Lizenz BY 4.0