Page - 76 - in Photovoltaic Materials and Electronic Devices
Image of the Page - 76 -
Text of the Page - 76 -
Materials
2016,
9,
128 10
of
23
Figure 3. Spectra in ε (top panel, real part ε1; bottom panel, imaginary part ε2) from 0.04 to 5.0 eV for
a 3010
2 Å thick ZnO film on Ag, with ε for ZnO parameterized using a combination of two CPPB
and three Lorentz oscillators with parameters listed in Table 4. The inset shows high‐energy
electronic transitions in ε2.
Table 4. Parameters describing ε and structure for a ZnO film deposited in a ZnO/Ag back reflector
(BR). Experimental ellipsometric spectra were collected ex situ using near infrared to ultraviolet
(0.734 to 5.0 eV) and infrared (0.04 to 0.734 eV) spectral range instruments and fit jointly using least
squares regression analysis with an unweighted estimator error function,
= 8 x 10−3. Parameters
describing
ε
for
Ag
and
the
ZnO
+
Ag
interface
were
fixed
from
Tables
2
and
3,
respectively.
The
ZnO
bulk layer thickness was allowed to vary separately for each set of ellipsometric spectra; all other
parameters are common to both analyses. For ZnO, the parameterization of ε consisted of two CPPB
oscillators, three Lorentz oscillators, and ε
.
Layer Oscillators
ZnO
db (Near IR to
UV) = 2996 ± 2
Å
db (IR) = 3025 ±
2 Å
ds = 84 ± 1 Å CPPB (μ = 0.5) ε
= 2.43 ± 0.01
A (Unitless)
(eV) En (eV) Ө (degrees)
2.82 ± 0.02 0.209 ± 0.002 3.364 ± 0.001
20.8 ± 0.4
1.23 ± 0.02 3.95 ± 0.03 3.94 ± 0.02 0
Lorentz
0.75 ± 0.05 0.196 ± 0.005 0.264 ± 0.002 ‐
3.17 ± 0.03 0.169 ± 0.007 0.134 ± 0.001 ‐
46 ± 2 0.0093 ± 0.0004 0.0501 ± 0.0002 ‐
3.2. RTSE
Monitoring of Si:H in n‐i‐p Solar Cell Devices
The films used to develop growth evolution diagrams for doped and undoped Si:H deposited
in the glass substrate/BR/n‐i‐p a‐Si:H device configuration were grown as a function of R
in an effort
to probe the subtle fluctuations expected as the material transitions from amorphous to
nanocrystalline [31,55]. A distinct type of roughening transition is reported in which crystallites
nucleate from the growing amorphous phase. Because of the low crystallite nucleation density as
observed by Fujiwara et al. and Ferlauto
et al. [4,31], the growth of crystalline protrusions produce a
roughness layer that increases promptly when compared to increases in bulk layer thickness. Thus,
the onset of roughening identifies a transition to mixed‐phase amorphous+nanocrystalline
Figure3. Spectra in ε (toppanel, realpart ε1; bottompanel, imagi arypart ε2) from
0.04 to 5.0 eV for a 3010˘2 Å thick ZnO film on Ag, with ε for ZnO parameterized
using a combination of two CPPB and three Lorentz oscillators with parameters
listed inTable4. The inset showshigh-energyelectronic transitions in ε2.
Table 4. Parameters describing ε and structure for a ZnO film deposited in a
ZnO/Ag back reflector (BR). Experimental ellipsometric spectra were collected
ex situ using near infrared to ultraviolet (0.734 to 5.0 eV) and infrared (0.04 to
0.734eV)spectral range instrumentsandfit jointlyusing least squaresregression
analysis with an unweighted estimator error function,σ= 8 x 10´3. Parameters
describing ε for Ag and the ZnO + Ag interface were fixed from Tables 2 and 3
respectively. The ZnO bulk layer thickness was allowed to vary separately for each
set ofellipsometric spectra; allother parameters are common toboth analyses. For
ZnO, the parameterization of ε consisted of two CPPB oscillators, three Lorentz
oscillators,and ε8.
Layer Oscillators
ZnO
db (Near IRtoUV)=2996˘2Å
db (IR) =3025˘2Å
ds =84˘1Å CPPB(µ= 0.5) ε8= 2.43˘0.01
A (Unitless) Γ (eV) En (eV)
Materials
2016,
9,
128 9
of
23
Table 3. Parameters describing ε and structure for a ZnO film deposited on Ag and the ZnO + Ag
interface formed. Experimental ellipsometric spectra were collected in situ after deposition at room
temperature in the spectral range from 0.734 to 5.0 eV and fit using least squares regression analysis
with an unweighted estimator error function,
= 7 × 10−3. Parameters describing ε for Ag were fixed
from Table 2. For ZnO, the parameterization of ε consisted of two CPPB oscillators, a Sellmei r
oscillator, and ε
. For the ZnO + Ag interface, the parameterization of ε consisted of a Drude
oscillator, a
Lorentz oscillator, and ε
.
Layer Oscillators
ZnO
db = 3060 ± 3 Å
ds = 80 ± 1 Å CPPB (μ = 0.5) ε = 2.27 ± 0.01
A (Unitless)
(eV) En (eV) Ө (degrees)
2.63 ± 0.02 0.199 ± 0.002 3.363 ± 0.001
20.1 ± 0.5
1.41 ± 0.02 3.83 ± 0.08 4.36 ± 0.03 0 (fixed)
Sellmeier
A (eV2)
(eV) En (eV)
0.080 ± 0.002 ‐ 0
ZnO/Ag
Interface = 108
± 11 Å Lorentz ε = 1
A (Unitless)
(eV) E0 (eV)
2.8 ± 0.2 0.57 ± 0.05 2.83 ± 0.01
Drude
(
cm)
(fs)
3.7 ± 0.5 x10−5 2.7 ± 0.3
3.1.2.
Phonon Modes in ZnO
The analysis was extended to the IR by fitting parameters defining ε for ZnO only and fixing
those defining ε for Ag and the ZnO + Ag interface as well as the interface layer thickness. This
analysis approach was chosen because free carrier absorption represented by the Drude feature
dominates the IR response of Ag and the ZnO + Ag interface layers and is already established from
near IR to UV spectral range analysis. A common parameterization of ε for the ZnO was applied for
the data collected from the two instruments with spectral ranges from 0.04 to 0.734 eV and 0.734 to
5.0
eV,
respectively,
although
the
bulk
ZnO
layer
thickness
was
allowed
to
vary
for
the
ellipsometric
grees)
2.82˘0.02 0.209˘0.002 3. 64˘ .001 ´ .8˘ 4
1.23˘0.02 3.95˘0.03 3.94˘0.02 0
Lor ntz
0.75˘0.05 0.196˘0.005 0.264˘0.002 -
3.17˘0.03 0.169˘0.007 0.134˘0.001 -
46˘2 0.0093˘0.0004 0.0501˘
0.0002 -
3.2. RTSEMonitoringofSi:H inn-i-pSolarCellDevices
Thefilmsusedtodevelopgrowthevolutiondiagramsfordopedandundoped
Si:H deposited in the glass substrate/BR/n-i-p a-Si:H device configuration were
76
Photovoltaic Materials and Electronic Devices
- Title
- Photovoltaic Materials and Electronic Devices
- Author
- Joshua M. Pearce
- Editor
- MDPI
- Location
- Basel
- Date
- 2016
- Language
- English
- License
- CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
- ISBN
- 978-3-03842-217-4
- Size
- 17.0 x 24.4 cm
- Pages
- 216
- Keywords
- Perovskite, Plasmonics, Nanostructured Materials, Anti-Reflection Coatings, Transparent Conductive Oxides, Amorphous Silicon, Dye-sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) Materials, Organic Photovoltaic Materials, Solar Energy Materials
- Categories
- Naturwissenschaften Physik
- Technik