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Amaximumefficiencyof16.9%isreachedforaTCOsheetresistanceof10Ω/sq.
Inotherwords,whengoingfroma19%smallcell toasolarpanel, scribinglossesand
TCO related losses reduce the panel efficiency by as much as 2 absolute %. When the
scribingwidth isenlargedto350µm,which isnowacommonvalue inproduction,
the maximum obtainable cell efficiency drops to 16%, as shown in Figure 4b. This
indicates the importance of careful process control and the gain that can be obtained
when material removal is more carefully controlled. Moreover, the maximum cell
efficiency is obtained at slightly higher cell length, but this difference is rather small.
Interestingly, thedifferenceofmaximumefficienciesbetweenthehighTCOssheet
resistances is increased. This can be explained as follow: a high sheet resistance
requiresshortcells. As thewiderscribingwidthtranslates toa largersensitivity to
morenarrowcells, the impactwillbehigher.
Figure5demonstrates thathighbandgapmaterialswithhigherVoctranslate
inhigherpanelefficiencies, eventhoughthe small cell efficiencyremains19%. This
can be explained by the fact that a higher Voc comes together with a lower short
circuit density. This combination brings lower resistive losses. Moreover, lower
resistive losses enable longer cells, which help to reduce the optical losses by the
scribingwidth.
Materials
2016,
9,
96
A maximum efficiency of 16.9% is reached for a TCO sheet resistance of 10 Ω/sq. In other
words, when going from a 19% small cell to a solar panel, scribing losses and TCO related losses
reduce the panel efficiency by as much as 2 absolute %. When the scribing width is enlarged to
350 μm, which is now a common value in production, th maximum obtainabl
cell
efficiency drops
to 16%, as shown in Figure 4b. This indicates the importance of careful process control and the gain
that can be obtained when material removal is more carefully controlled. Moreover, the maximum
cell efficiency is obtained at slightly higher cell length, but this difference is rather small.
Interestingly, the difference of maximum efficiencies between the high TCOs sheet resistances is
increased. This can be expl ined as follow: a high sheet resistance requires s ort c lls. As the wider
scribing width translates to a
larger sensitivity to more narrow cells, the
impact
will be higher.
Figure 5 demonstrates that high band gap materials with higher Voc translate in higher panel
efficiencies, even though the small cell
efficiency remains 19%. This can be explained by the fact that
a higher Voc comes together with a lower short circuit density. This combination brings lo er
resisti
los es.
Moreover, wer
resistive
losses
enable
longer
cells,
which
hel
to
reduce
the
optical
losses by the
scribing width.
Figure
5.
Efficiency
of
solar
panels
as
a
function
of
the
individual
cell
length
for
different
open
circuit
voltages (Voc in V) for a scribe width of 150 μm (a) and 350 μm (b). The front contact consists of a
TCO of 10 Ω/sq.
If the scribing width is increased to 350 μm, the optimal cell length increases and hence the
impact of the Voc on the maximum efficiency, as shown in Figure 5b. In other words, high Voc cells
are less sensitive to scribing width than cells with a low Voc. Therefore, the absorber material not
only has an impact on the
maximum cell efficiency, but also on the cell layout.
2.3. Cells
with
Metallic
Grid
For
cells
with
a
metallic
grid
on
top
of
the
TCO,
it
was
found
that
a
TCO
of
50
Ω/sq
is
preferable
over a large range of finger widths [16]. Therefore, Figure 6 shows the efficiency as a function of the
cell length for cells with a 50 Ω/sq TCO supplied with a metallic finger grid with various finger
heights
(HF).
We
also show the values for cells with
a
10 Ohm/sq TCO front contact (black line).
For a scribing with of 150 μm (see Figure 6a), the efficiency increases from just below 17% to
17.8% when a high finger grid is used. For lower finger grid, the efficiency is somewhat lower and
the cell length is also smaller. Nevertheless, even for a finger height of 1 μm, the increase in
efficiency is 0.5 absolute %. This gain increases when a wider scribing area of 350 μm is taken into
account. This is logical, because a TCO only approach cannot accommodate as long cells as
compared to TCO supplemented with a finger grid, which show optimal cell lengths that are about
twice that of the TCO only configuration. Therefore, the scribe area forms a lower proportion of the
total area for
longer
cells
and scribe related losses
are
proportionally reduced.
Figure 5. Efficiency of solar panels as a function of the individual cell length for
differentopencircuitvoltages (Voc inV) forascribewidthof150µm(a)and350
µm(b). The frontcontactconsistsofaTCOof10Ω/sq.
If th cribing width s increas d to 350µm, the optimal cell length increases
andhence the impactof theVoconthemaximumefficiency,asshowninFigure5b.
In other words, high Voc cells are less sensitive to scribing width than cells with a
lowVoc. Therefore, theabsorbermaterialnotonlyhasanimpactonthemaximum
cell efficiency,butalsoonthecell layout.
119
Photovoltaic Materials and Electronic Devices
- Title
- Photovoltaic Materials and Electronic Devices
- Author
- Joshua M. Pearce
- Editor
- MDPI
- Location
- Basel
- Date
- 2016
- Language
- English
- License
- CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
- ISBN
- 978-3-03842-217-4
- Size
- 17.0 x 24.4 cm
- Pages
- 216
- Keywords
- Perovskite, Plasmonics, Nanostructured Materials, Anti-Reflection Coatings, Transparent Conductive Oxides, Amorphous Silicon, Dye-sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) Materials, Organic Photovoltaic Materials, Solar Energy Materials
- Categories
- Naturwissenschaften Physik
- Technik