Page - 240 - in The Power of Urban Water - Studies in premodern urbanism

240 UlrichMüller Fig. 8: Lübeck,Old Town, reconstruc- tionof the second beachmarket and later harbour, ca. 1157–1217. in its sights. Besides the transport connections and security considerations, the development resources alsoplayeda fundamental role.40 Although itwasonceassumed thatacitywallwaserectedabout 1181,whichwas interpret- edasevidenceof the firstdefensiveeffortof theBürgerstadt (civil city), theseassumptionshave comeunder criticism in the intervening years.41 The 1217 citywall was the first defence to en- close thewholeof theoldcityhill. Finally, it shouldbenoted that thedevelopments extending southwards from theHolstenbrücke (evidence forwhich dates from 1216) and along the upper Trave riverprogressed inadifferentway.Thewrittensourcesprovideproofof an innerharbour andmany granaries and storehouses from the late 13th and early 14thcenturies, aswell as for thewharves locatedon the external sideof the city. The toll-house, dated from1284, closedoff theport district to the south. Both earlier and current scholarshiphave favoured themodel inwhich therewas a transi- tion from a beachmarket to a harbourmarket, and the development of an inner-citymarket. The market on the eastern shore of the Trave river, dated between 1157 and 1217 (Fig.8), is interpretedasabeachmarketbyEllmersundSchalies,whileKalmringconsiders thisaharbour 40 Schalies–Rieger 2019, 63. 41 Schalies–Rieger 2019, 66.