Page - (000013) - in Clean Water Using Solar and Wind - Outside the Power Grid

Contents xiii 10.2 Storage of Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 10.2.1 Storage requirements in low-income versus high-income countries . . . . . . . . . . . 123 10.2.2 Storage technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 10.3 Battery Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 10.3.1 Lead-acid batteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 10.3.2 Lithium batteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 10.3.3 Saltwater batteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 10.3.4 Flow batteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 10.4 Battery Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 10.4.1 Battery capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 10.4.2 Battery sizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 10.4.3 Battery classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 10.4.4 Battery charge controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 10.5 Hydrogen Energy Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 10.5.1 Electrolysis of water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 10.5.2 Fuel cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 10.6 Pumped and Cleaned Water as Storage . . . . . . . . . . 138 10.7 Diesel Generators as Backup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 10.8 Cost of Energy Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 10.9 Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Chapter 11 Energy management systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 11.1 The Role of the Energy Management System . . . . . . 142 11.2 The Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 Part IV Applying Renewable Energy to Water Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Chapter 12 Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 12.1 Cost of Renewables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 12.1.1 Up-front capital cost versus fuel costs . . . . 150 12.1.2 Levelised cost of electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Downloaded from https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book-pdf/520710/wio9781780409443.pdf by IWA Publishing user