Page - 40 - in Clean Water Using Solar and Wind - Outside the Power Grid

40 Clean Water Using Solar and Wind: Outside the Power Grid 10 610 324 19 787 2 2 1,053 245 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 11,200 144,100 3,800 41,700 25,100 5,800 72,600 0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000 140,000 160,000 (a) (b) Figure 3.6 Installed onshore wind power (MW) in some African countries (a) compared to installed onshore wind power in some high-income countries (b). Note that the scales differ by two orders of magnitude. Data from WEC (2016), Table 11. Wind capacity additions are led by China and the European Union. China’s COP21 commitment indicated that wind capacity is to be expanded to 200 GW by 2020 and solar power to 100 GW. There are already signs that China is pushing for higher targets for 2020: a possible 30–50 GW increase for both wind and solar PV (IEA, 2016a). This will almost surely have a global impact. Small-scale turbines are used for a variety of applications, including rural electrification and water pumping. They are installed increasingly to displace diesel generators in remote locations. In the five largest countries with small- scale turbines the upper capacity limit is between 15 and 100 kW (WWEA, 2016). The rapidly declining cost of competing technologies, such as solar, also poses challenges to small wind deployment. From these challenges, however, emerge innovation opportunities to increase the efficiency and reduce the costs of small wind technology. Wind energy produced 226 TWh in 2016, which avoided an estimated 160 million tons of CO2 and could displace fossil fuel plant generation. This is equivalent to reducing the power sector’s CO2 emissions by 9% (AWEA, 2017). (The AWEA calculations are based on Downloaded from https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book-pdf/520710/wio9781780409443.pdf by IWA Publishing user