Page - 78 - in Clean Water Using Solar and Wind - Outside the Power Grid

78 Clean Water Using Solar and Wind: Outside the Power Grid times higher and the operating costs three times higher. Membrane filtration has a capital cost around ten times higher and an operating cost eight times higher (ibid.). Using RO technology is the best method to purify the water, since these membranes can remove all particles down to small molecules, but it comes at a price. 5.5 FURTHER READING There is a lot of literature on desalination. For the non-specialist there is a good description of desalination and disinfection in Varadi et  al. (2018) Chapter 5.3. Burn and Gray (2014) present a comprehensive description and analysis of reverse osmosis. The American Membrane Technology Association (AMTA) has produced several easy-to-read fact sheets concerning RO membranes, filtration and desalination, including planning, operation and maintenance (AMTA, 2018). The book Liehr et  al. (2018) documents an ambitious decade-long project in Namibia. The book records experiences of rainwater and floodwater harvesting, groundwater desalination, sanitation and water reuse. Not only technology solutions but also social aspects, management and governance issues, economic viability and sustainability evaluation are described. Bazargan (2018) presents a broad introduction to and overview of desalination and covers both technical and non-technical issues. Drioli et  al. (2011) describe the basics of RO and desalination. Bundschuh and Hoinkis (2012) discuss the applicability of renewable energy for fresh-water production, the various barriers and how to overcome them. Mahmoudi et  al. (2017) present a comprehensive report on renewable energy and desalination. Shatat et  al. (2013) review the global opportunities for solar desalination. Downloaded from https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book-pdf/520710/wio9781780409443.pdf by IWA Publishing user