Page - 152 - in Clean Water Using Solar and Wind - Outside the Power Grid

152 Clean Water Using Solar and Wind: Outside the Power Grid The price reduction for residential PV installations (typically 0–4 kW) has been of the same order of magnitude in most western countries, as illustrated in Table 12.1. Table 12.1 LCOE reduction for residential PV installations. Region Price Reduction % Time Period California 42 2008–14 Other parts of U.S. 52 2008–14 Japan 42 2008–14 Italy 59 2008–13 Australia 52 2010–14 Source: Data from WEC (2016, Chapter 8). In regions where there is a lot of sunshine the LCOE is apparently favourable. Moreover, if the demand profile during the day and the sunshine hours are similar the need for storage capacity is smaller. 12.1.4 Levelised cost for wind energy WEC (2016) has estimated that global onshore wind LCOE has decreased from 380 USD/MWh in 1983 to 70 USD/MWh in 2015 (in 2015 USD values). Continued performance improvements mean that LCOE for onshore wind was, in late 2017, at a record low 45 USD/ MWh (Lazard, 2017). There is a wide span of LCOE for onshore wind, as shown in Table 12.2. The weighted averages are the largest in Africa, Oceania and the Middle East and the lowest in China. Table 12.2 LCOE for onshore wind energy in some major regions. Region USD/MWh USD/kWh North America and Brazil 31–130 0.03–0.13 Africa, Oceania and Middle East 95–99 0.095–0.1 China 50–72 0.05–0.072 Measured in LCOE, onshore wind energy boasts some of the lowest electricity costs among renewable energy sources, as shown in Figure Downloaded from https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book-pdf/520710/wio9781780409443.pdf by IWA Publishing user