Page - 154 - in Clean Water Using Solar and Wind - Outside the Power Grid

154 Clean Water Using Solar and Wind: Outside the Power Grid rural areas. It is apparent that the technical and managerial challenges are quite different for the two main categories of end users. 2,800 1,100 950 3,250 8,100 1,650 500 750 600 3,500 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 Solar PV Wind Solar heating/cooling All other renewables Total China World Figure 12.1 Estimated number of direct and indirect jobs in 2017 in the renewable industry (excluding large hydropower) in thousands. The upper bars show that China dominates the job market in the industry. Source: Data from REN21 (2017a), Table 1. Another estimate of job opportunities is presented by World Bank (2017). Many different job skills are required and are categorised in MCI (manufacturing, construction and installations) and O&M (operations and maintenance). Table 12.3 presents a selection of some estimates. Note that the estimates are based on relatively large installations. 12.2.1 Job creation in the solar industry Almost three million people worldwide were employed (directly and indirectly) by the solar energy sector in 2016 (see Figure 12.1) and the industry continues to expand. As demonstrated in Figure 3.5, most of the solar equipment and the demand are located in Asia, so most of the jobs are there, while in Europe solar PV employment has decreased. Obviously, there is a high demand for jobs not only in manufacturing but also in O&M. In order to expand the use of renewable energy in remote areas it is apparent that not only will more jobs be created but also that Downloaded from https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book-pdf/520710/wio9781780409443.pdf by IWA Publishing user