Page - 178 - in Clean Water Using Solar and Wind - Outside the Power Grid

178 Clean Water Using Solar and Wind: Outside the Power Grid and some are summarised in IEA (2014). There are problems beyond technology challenges. Many projects have failed due to inappropriate or unclear organisation of operating and maintaining systems. There must be a good understanding of the needs of the users. Similarly, it is important to make realistic estimates of current and future power needs. There are two aspects of education and training: (1) the required education to make the best use of renewable energy and water facilities and (2) the impact of access to electricity on education. Developments of projects occur locally. We have emphasised the urgent need for training and education. There is a need for increased knowledge at all levels: among the customers and users as well as locals who can be part of the workforce to mount, install and maintain clean water operations in the neighbourhood. Such developments can create local jobs and incomes. Access to water and energy will of course develop rural areas in terms of agricultural improvements, productivity, income and better living conditions. Healthcare, education, home environment: all benefit from access to modern energy and to clean water. The modularity of the energy and water operations also means that they can be customised to individual needs and applications. The impact of access to electricity on education is illustrated in 2.2. Available electricity can also contribute to people’s daily habits and activity scheduling, and people’s active day may be extended. These issues are analysed in detail in Riva et  al. (2018). 15.4 FURTHER READING SNV, a not-for-profit international development organisation, was founded in the Netherlands more than 50 years ago. SNV has a long- term, local presence in the poorest countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America. It has published an excellent training manual for solar PV (SNV, 2015). IEA (www.iea.org), IRENA (www.irena.org) and the World Bank (www.worldbank.org) make regular updates to their predictions for renewable energy. Water and sanitation aspects are the focus for several speciality groups within IWA (www.iwa-network.org). Downloaded from https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book-pdf/520710/wio9781780409443.pdf by IWA Publishing user