Page - 180 - in Clean Water Using Solar and Wind - Outside the Power Grid

180 Clean Water Using Solar and Wind: Outside the Power Grid components dissolved in liquids contained within the system and most commonly separated by a membrane. Blackwater: water from toilets. Compare greywater. Brackish water: water that is neither fresh nor salt. Brine: a solution containing large concentrations (higher than seawater) of sodium chloride and other salts. Capacity: the rated capacity (for example 1 MW) of a power-generating plant, referring to the instantaneous electricity output. Capacity factor: the ratio between the actual output of a power plant  and the theoretical output of the same plant operating at full capacity. The capacity factor is considered over a specific time period, for example a year. COD: chemical oxygen demand. Method of measuring the content of all oxidable substances in the water. Conversion efficiency: the ratio between the produced energy from an energy conversion device and the energy input into it. For a solar PV the conversion efficiency gauges the percentage of solar (light) power reaching a module that is converted into electric power. If 100 kWh of solar radiation is received and 15 kWh electricity is generated, then the conversion efficiency is 15%. Cut-off voltage (in a battery): the minimum allowable voltage. It is this voltage that generally defines the “empty” state of the battery. Direct current (DC): the unidirectional flow of electric charge. A battery is a good example of a DC power supply. The electric current flows in a constant direction, distinguishing it from alternating current (AC). Depth of discharge (DoD): the percentage of battery capacity that has been discharged expressed as a percentage of maximum capacity. Desalination: reducing the contents of total dissolved solids or salt and minerals in sea- or brackish water into fresh water. Discharge time: defined as the energy capacity divided by the nominal power. The time over which the energy stored in a storage device can be discharged at the nominal power rating. Downloaded from https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book-pdf/520710/wio9781780409443.pdf by IWA Publishing user