Seite - 146 - in Freshwater Microplastics - Emerging Environmental Contaminants?

onlychanging theplastics-specificparameters andcharacteristics.Asamaterial to model, plastic is uniquegiven itswide rangeof sizes, shapes, anddensities. It can aggregate or fragment and obtain a biofilm, all of which influence the hydrody- namics and sizedistributionof theparticles.Thefirstmodelsdeveloped forplastic transport so far range frommass-balance point-emissionmodels to spatiotempo- rallyexplicitmodels.Thesemodels,however,havenotyetbeencalibratedbecause of a lack of data.We recommend that before largemeasurement campaigns start, units toexpressabundanceofplasticsandmethodsfor theanalysisofplastics in the environment are standardized, which would increase the usability of the measurements. Acknowledgment This studywas fundedby theDutchTechnologyFoundationSTW,projectnr 13940.We acknowledge additional support fromKWR; IMARES;NVWA;RIKILT; theDutch Ministryof Infrastructureand theEnvironment; theDutchMinistryofHealth,WelfareandSport; WageningenFood&BiobasedResearch;STOWA;RIWA;andwaterboardsHoogheemraadschap van Delfland, Zuiderzeeland, Rijn en IJssel, Vechtstromen, Scheldestromen, Aa en Maas, deDommel, andRivierenland. References 1.AndradyAL(2011)Microplastics inthemarineenvironment.MarPollutBull62:1596–1605. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.05.030 2.Rochman CM, Cook A-M, Koelmans AA (2016) Plastic debris and policy: using current scientificunderstanding to invokepositive change.EnvironToxicolChem35:1617–1626 3.EriksenM,LebretonLCM,CarsonHS et al (2014) Plastic pollution in theworld’s oceans: more than5 trillionplasticpiecesweighingover250,000 tonsafloat at sea.PLoSOne:1–15. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0111913 4. Jambeck JR,Geyer R,WilcoxC et al (2015) Plasticwaste input from land into the ocean. Science80(347):768–771 5.Huerta Lwanga E, Gertsen H, Gooren H et al (2016)Microplastics in the terrestrial eco- system: implicationsforLumbricus terrestris (Oligochaeta,Lumbricidae).EnvironSciTech- nol 50:2685–2691 6.KühnS,RebolledoELB,vanFraneker JA(2015)Deleterious effects of litter onmarine life. In: BergmannM,GutowL, KlagesM (eds)Marine anthropogenic litter. Springer, Berlin, pp75–116 7.Cole M, Lindeque P, Fileman E et al (2013) Microplastic ingestion by zooplankton. EnvironSciTechnol 47:6646–6655. doi:10.1021/es400663f 8. Scherer C et al (2017) Interactions of microplastics with freshwater biota. In:WagnerM, Lambert S (eds) Freshwatermicroplastics: emerging environmental contaminants?Springer Nature,Heidelberg. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-61615-5_8 (in this volume) 9.KoelmansAA,BakirA,BurtonGA, JanssenCR (2016)Microplastic as a vector for chem- icals in the aquatic environment: critical review and model-supported reinterpretation of empirical studies.EnvironSciTechnol 50:3315–3326 10.Barnes DKA (2002) Biodiversity: invasions by marine life on plastic debris. Nature 416: 808–809 146 M.Kooi et al.