Seite - 196 - in Freshwater Microplastics - Emerging Environmental Contaminants?

chapter, many of the fundamental processes that underpin the formation and activities of plastic-colonizing biofilms remain poorly understood within both freshwater andmarine environments. Establishing an understanding of the impli- cations of microplastic-associated microorganisms for ecosystem and human health, therefore, will require research spanning the entire diversity of environ- ments encountered by these pollutants following their release by industrial and domestic activities. Acknowledgments We thankBuckHanson, TobySamuels, andWilliamSouthwell-Wright for their feedback andhelpful suggestions. References 1. vanSebilleE,WilcoxC,LebretonLet al (2015)Aglobal inventoryof smallfloatingplastic debris. EnvironResLett 10(12):124006. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/10/12/124006 2.Eerkes-MedranoD,ThompsonRC,AldridgeDC(2015)Microplastics infreshwatersystems: a review of the emerging threats, identification of knowledge gaps and prioritisation of researchneeds.WaterRes 75(15):63–82. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2015.02.012 3.Barnes DKA, Galgani F, Thompson RC et al (2009) Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments. Philos TransRSocB364(1526):1985–1998. doi:10. 1098/rstb.2008.0205 4.BrowneMA,Crump P, Niven SJ et al (2011) Accumulation ofmicroplastic on shorelines worldwide: sources and sinks. Environ Sci Technol 45(21):9175–9179. doi:10.1021/ es201811s 5.CorcoranPL (2015)Benthic plastic debris inmarine and freshwater environments. Environ Sci: Processes Impacts 17:1363–1369. doi:10.1039/c5em00188a 6. Sadri SS, ThompsonRC (2014)On the quantity and composition of floating plastic debris entering and leaving theTamarEstuary, SouthwestEngland.MarPollBull 81(1):55–60 7. Jambek JR,Geyer R,WilcoxC et al (2015) Plasticwaste inputs from land into the ocean. Science347(6223):768–771 8. vanCauwenbergheL,DevrieseL,GalganiFetal(2015)Microplastics insediments:areview of techniques, occurrence and effects.MarEnvironRes111:5–17. doi:10.1016/j.marenvres. 2015.06.007 9.RochmanCM,BrowneMA,UnderwoodAJ et al (2016) The ecological impacts ofmarine debris: unraveling the demonstrated evidence from what is perceived. Ecology 97 (2):302–312. doi:10.1890/14-2070.1 10.WagnerM, Scherer C, Alvarez-Mu~nozD et al (2014)Microplastics in freshwater ecosys- tems:whatweknowandwhatweneedtoknow.EnvironSciEur26:12.doi:10.1186/s12302- 014-0012-7 11.HarrisonJP,SappM,SchratzbergerMetal (2011) Interactionsbetweenmicroorganismsand marinemicroplastics:acall forresearch.MarTechnolSocJ45(2):12–20.doi:10.4031/MTSJ. 45.2.2 12.OberbeckmannS,L€oderMGJ,LabrenzM(2015)Marinemicroplastic-associatedbiofilms– a review.EnvironChem12(5):551–562. doi:10.1071/EN15069 13.Keswani A, Oliver DM, Gutierrez T et al (2016)Microbial hitchhikers on marine plastic debris: human exposure risks at bathingwaters and beach environments.Mar EnvironRes 118:10–19. doi:10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.04.006 14.Battin TJ, Besemer K, BengtssonMM et al (2016) The ecology and biogeochemistry of streambiofilms.NatRevMicrobiol 14:251–263. doi:10.1038/nrmicro.2016.15 196 J.P.Harrison et al.