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c. Level-3 charging Different to the above levels of charging, level-3 charging is performed in DC system. DC electricity is supplied by the charger, bypassing the on-board charger. Therefore, very high charging rate, higher than 50 kW, can be achieved. Currently, there is no single standard for this kind of fast charging which is accepted by all vehicle manufactures. The charg- ing plug (including EV socket) and the communication protocol between the charger and vehicles are different between the standards, although the basic principles are similar. Currently, there are three major standards of charger, especially for quick charging: CHAdeMO, combined charging system (CCS) and Tesla Supercharger. The detailed specifications of each charging standard are shown in Table 1. CHAdeMO was the first, DC fast charging standard originally developed by Japanese com- panies including Tokyo Electric Power Companies (TEPCO), Fuji Heavy Industries, Nissan, Mitsubishi Motors and Toyota, which are organized by CHAdeMO Association. CHAdeMO standard also complies with international standard of IEC 62196-3. This standard is designed only for DC fast charging. According to the development roadmap [21], high power CHAdeMO is also developed with which is able to charge with 100 kW continuous power and 150–200 kW peak power (350 A, 500 V). In addition, further higher power CHAdeMO is also planned in future (2020) which can charge with charging rate of 350–400 kW (350–400 A, 1 kV). Currently, CHAdeMO has the largest global coverage, including Japan (about 7000 chargers), Europe (about 4000 chargers) and USA (about 2000 chargers). Properties CHAdeMO Combo 1 (CCS) Combo 2 (CCS) Tesla supercharger DC charging Max. voltage (V) 500 600 850 480 Max. current (A) 125 150 200 Connector CHAdeMO Combo 1 (IEC 62196-3/SAE J1772) Combo 2 (IEC 62196-3) Special Max. power (kW) 50 90 170 120 AC charging Voltage (V) 250 400 (3 phase) 230 (1 phase) Current (A) 32 63 (3 phase) 70 (1 phase) Max. power (kW) 13 44 Others Charging signal CAN PLC Charging protocol CHAdeMO HomePlug Green Phy Special Table 1. Specification of charging standards for DC fast charging. Advanced Charging System for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles and Battery Electric Vehicles http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.68287 67