Seite - 126 - in Hybrid Electric Vehicles

to those technologies, HEVs are advantageous, as they exhibit high fuel economy, lower emis- sions, lower operating cost and noise, higher resale price, smaller engine size, longer operat- ing life and longer driving range [5]. The world HEVs market has been rapidly growing and existing hybrid powertrains include passenger cars, small, medium and heavy trucks, buses, vehicles used in construction domain (e.g. forklifts, excavators), etc. Despite HEV’s high performance, their design and control strategies are not trivial. Multiple hybrid electric architectures have been developed and incorporated so far into commercially available vehicles in order to find acceptable design solutions with respect to various objec- tives and constraints [6]. Each configuration presents particular characteristics and the archi- tecture selection depends on the application requirements and vehicle’s type. For instance, series configuration is mainly used in heavy vehicles, whereas parallel-series one is preferable in small and medium automobiles, such as passenger cars and smaller buses, notwithstand- ing its more complex structure [7]. The specific topology combines the advantages of both series and parallel HEVs and has a greater potential in improving fuel economy and effi- ciency of the overall powertrain [8]. The HEV performance is even more enhanced when new design methodologies are implemented in order to find optimal configurations for power split devices, whereas at the same time, a single planetary gear is used [1]. However, the performance of an HEV is strictly dependent on the individual characteristics of its components (i.e. the internal combustion engine, the electrical motor and generator, the electronic equipment, the batteries, etc.). There is a strong “connection” among them and their collaboration interacts with the performance of the vehicle [9]. Several techniques, pre- sented in [10], can be applied in order to achieve the optimal design and energy management of an HEV. According to [11], multi-objective optimization procedure and decision-making approach are necessary since there is a great amount of variables and goals to be taken into account. Moreover, among the most crucial decisions in the design of a HEV is the selection of the electric motor’s type and its topology. A large amount of requirements such as (a) high power and torque density, (b) flux-weakening capability, (c) high efficiency over a wide range of speed, (d) high fault tolerance and overload capability, (e) high reliability and robustness, (f) low acoustic noise during operation and (g) low cost have to be met if a motor is to be con- sidered as a suitable one for such an application [4]. Nowadays, various structures have been tested by HEV manufacturers and even more have been investigated in recent studies, e.g. [12]. Some of them, such as switched-reluctance motors (SRMs), despite their important advantages (high fault tolerance, simple construction, outstanding torque-speed characteristics and low cost) are currently not widely used for HEV applications. This is associated with the fact that they exhibit high acoustic noise, high torque ripple and low power factor [13]. Among the most popular topologies for this kind of traction system are induction and permanent magnet synchronous motors [14]. These two types are thoroughly examined and compared to each other [15] and their specific features are quite well known so far [16]. In order to meet the continuously increasing power density and efficiency requirements, PMSMs have become the dominant topology for light duty HEVs [14]. PMSMs with one or multiple layers of interior magnets fulfil the aforementioned characteristics and are commonly used in Hybrid Electric Vehicles126