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enough for this kind of application [37]. The values of materials properties will be regarded as constants during optimization problem and they are presented in Table 4. Following the methodology proposed here, a set of optimization results are presented in Table 5, in which the design variables of four final solution topologies are given. Let us denote“Motor A” up to “Motor D” the derived in-wheel configurations. Their electromechanical performance has been validated through 2D and 3D FEM and considered acceptable and satisfactory enough. The obtained results are summarized in Table 6. Moreover, the overall HEV’s system behaviour assessment has been conducted by examin- Figure 5. Representations of the design problem considered: (a) cross section of an in-wheel motor assembly and (b) detailed geometry of the SPMSM used here. Variable Symbol Value Rated output power Pout 15.3 kW Rated output torque Tout 170 Nm Rated speed ns 850 rpm Max. dc-link Vdc 400 V Inverter’s module ratio ma 0.7 Axial length L 30 mm Outer rotor radius rout 216 mm Table 2. In-wheel motor’s desired characteristics. Hybrid Electric Vehicles136