Seite - (000201) - in Knowledge and Networks

195 to establish ex ante. Breaking an existing path or opening it to additional choices, may call for additional related variety. Admittedly, related variety constitutes an underdetermined and insufficient, but necessary, condition for any concept of path- forming or path-breaking. Although the idea of platforming has arisen only recently (see also Asheim et al., 2011; Cooke, 2007, 2012; Harmaakorpi, 2006; Harmaakorpi, Tura, & Melkas, 2011), examples are found in a handbook (Cooke & De Laurentis, 2010, pp. 294– 309), at the interface of art and food in an Italian region (Lazzeretti, Capone, & Cinti, 2010), in emerging innovation policies of several Finnish regions (Uotila, Harmaakorpi, & Hermans, 2012), and in urban regions of Canada (Wolfe, 2013). Table 10.1 The theory of path dependence in different disciplines and fields of study Important features Economicsa Political sciencea Organization scienceb Regional studiesb Primary object of study Technologies Institutions Organizations Regions, in particular regional clusters comprising all three Triggering event Small Small or big Event or action Event or action Role history Matters only after the event Unclear Historical imprints also matter before the event/action Historical imprints also matter before the event/action Self- reinforcing mechanisms Increasing returns at the center Learning more generally, complementarity and coordination effects Coordination and complementarity effects, single- loop learning, adaptive expectations Coordination and complementarity effects, learning, adaptive expectations Agency Agency restricted to reproducing the path Political interests and power, agency also shaping the path Interests and power, agency in all phases of the process Interests and power, agency in all phases of the process Contributors David (1985, 2001), Arthur (1994), and many others with mainly an application focus on technological developments; Thelen (1999); Pierson (2000); and Mahoney (2000) Sydow, Schreyögg, & Koch (2009); Sydow, Lerch, & Stabe (2010); Schreyögg, Sydow, & Holtmann (2011); Manning & Sydow (2011) Grabher (1993); Bathelt & Boggs (2003); Hassink (2005, 2010); Martin & Sunley (2006); Glückler (2007); Lagerholm & Malmberg (2009); Martin (2010); Henning, Stam, & Wenting (2013) North (1990) famously pointing to economic institutions aDiscipline bInterdisciplinary field of study 10 Platforming for Path-Breaking