Seite - xvi - in Loss and Damage from Climate Change - Concepts, Methods and Policy Options

Fig. 10.1 IOMmigration-related terminology bymotivation and destination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 Fig. 10.2 UNmigration-related terminology bymotivation and destination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 Fig. 10.3 Migration totals, measured as total foreign-born population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Fig. 10.4 New internal displacements per year from conflict and natural disasters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 Fig. 10.5 Total number of new internally displaced by natural disasters 2008–2016. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Fig. 10.6 Themain reasons formoving inKiribati 2005–2015. . . . . . . . 247 Fig. 11.1 The uncertainty cascade in themodelling chain from climatemodel forcings to theestimationof theclimatehazard (the physical impact of climate change). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 Fig. 12.1 Layered disaster riskmanagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 Fig. 12.2 Flood risk in Jakartameasured as annual expected damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 Fig. 12.3 Conceptual frameworkof theflood riskassessmentofHoChi MinhCity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 Fig. 12.4 Increase inflood risk (expected annual damage—EAD—and annual potential casualties) offloods inHoChiMinhCity, from the present to year 2050 and 2100, for three combinations of climate and socio-economic scenarios . . . . . . 295 Fig. 12.5 Performance of several adaptationmeasures and strategies in reducing the future impacts of sea level rise, compared to the situationwithout adaptation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 Fig. 12.6 Net Present Value and normalised Benefit/cost ratio offlood risk adaptationmeasures for HoChiMinhCity for three combinations of climate change and socio-economic scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 Fig. 12.7 Steps taken inDynamicAdaptive Pathways Planning (DAPP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 Fig. 12.8 Example of an adaptation pathwaysmap and a scorecard presenting the costs and benefits of the nine alternative pathways presented in themap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308 Fig. 13.1 Acceptable, tolerable and intolerable risk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 Fig. 13.2 The role of insurance inmanaging adaptation frontiers . . . . . . 323 Fig. 13.3 Risk layering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 Fig. 14.1 Total damages, residual damages and adaptation expenditures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346 Fig. 14.2 Temperature pathways for low and high damage scenarios . . . 348 Fig. 14.3 Residual damages estimates for the case of a) low damages-high discount rate; b) high damages-low discount rate (in billion 2005US) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 List of Figures xvii