Seite - 14 - in Loss and Damage from Climate Change - Concepts, Methods and Policy Options

14 R.Mechler et al. Hoven of Germany), the book is divided into five sections, for which we shortly summarise the respectivechapters. 1.4.1 Setting theStage:KeyConcepts,Challenges andInsights Thechapteron theEthicalChallenges in theContextofClimate LossandDam- age by IvoWallimann-Helmer, LukasMeyer, KianMintz-Woo, Thomas Schinko andOlivia Serdeczny sets out themain types of justice and ethical challenges rel- evant to the L&D debate. The authors argue that a clear differentiation between mitigation, adaptation policy domains andL&Dpolicy is important to understand thenormative implicationsofL&D.Theyshowwhydistributiveandcompensatory justiceperspectivesareofkeyrelevancetocaptureallethicalentitlementsstemming fromadaptationneedsandthematerialisationofL&D.Ofparticular importance, the chapterpresentsadistributive justiceperspective forunderstandingethical implica- tionsofL&Din theshort- tomedium-term,arguing thatL&Dcanbeunderstoodas undeservedharmdemanding redistribution toevenout thisunfairness. LaurensM. Bouwer in his contribution on Observed and Projected Impacts from Extreme Weather Events: Implications for Loss and Damage presents the current knowledge on observed and projected impacts, and risks fromextreme weather events in light of anthropogenic climate change. Research on the subject has focusedon three keydrivers: changes in extremeweather hazards due to natu- ral climate variability and anthropogenic climate change, changes in exposure and vulnerability, and any implemented risk reduction efforts. Studies currently iden- tify increasing exposure as the dominant driver, through growing populations and increases in assets at risk. The chapter further elaborates onhow residualweather- relatedlosses(i.e., impactsafterimplementedriskreductionandadaptation)havenot yetbeenattributed toanthropogenic climatechange.Theauthorholds thatglobally increasingassetexposurewillleadtoincreasesinrisk,yetpresentsevidencethatvul- nerabilityhasdeclined; thus, it appears there ispotential for reducing risks through DRRandadaptation.Atcountryscale,andparticularlyfordevelopingcountries, the evidencepoints towards increasingrisk, indicating theneed tosignificantlyupgrade climateriskmanagementeffortsandinternationalsupport.Thisstage-settingchapter thus shows the challenges in understanding global trends in losses and damages, impacts, and risks fromdisasters in lightof climatechange. ThomasSchinko,ReinhardMechler andStefanHochrainer-Stigler build on the discussions on ethics and trends in impacts and risks. In their chapter on theRisk andPolicySpaceforLossandDamage:IntegratingNotionsofDistributiveand Compensatory Justice with Comprehensive Climate Risk Management they ask whether a policy framework can be developed around a broad notion of risk to identify a distinct L&Dpolicy space. The authors see ample potential in align- ingcomprehensiveclimate riskanalyticswithdistributiveandcompensatory justice