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1 Science forLossandDamage.FindingsandPropositions 27
of climate change emerge in different regions of the world. All of these applica-
tionsarefundamental to informingactions toaddress,avertandminimiselossesand
damages.
Proposition 3 Climatechangeresearchhasfocusedonunderstandingphysical/hard
limitstoadaptation,butlesssoonthesoft limits,whicharestronglyshapedbysocial
processes.Applyingamultiplelinesofevidenceframework,wefindthatsoft limitsto
intolerableriskarealreadybeingbreachedinseveralgeographiesglobally.Climate
change isakey factor, yet exposuregrowthandvulnerabilitydynamicsparticularly
needattention foracomprehensiveunderstanding.
While research on adaptation limits is still in its infancy, the L&Ddebate has
had some focus on adaptation limits, which have been defined as points beyond
whichactors’objectivesarecompromisedby intolerable risks.Adaptation research
has focused on howclimate-related hazards lead to hard adaptation limits, that is,
where no adaptive technologies and actions are feasible anymore (see also chapter
by van denHomberg andMcQuistan 2018). Soft adaptation limits, characterised
by a lack of options and concurrent socio-economic trade-offs, have received less
attention. In addition, empirical research on losses and damages has only recently
started to consider the mediating role of ecosystems and their services provided
to society (van derGeest et al. 2018).Notably, a very recent volume co-edited by
Johanna Nalau, an author in this book, provides a first comprehensive overview
of research and experience on adaptation limits (see Filho and Nalau 2018). As
onemethodological contribution along amultiple lines of evidence approach, risk
analysisshowsawayforwardforidentifyinghardandparticularlysoftlimits.Starting
with risk identification for assessing risks inmonetary and/or non-monetary terms,
theprocessofriskevaluationexaminestheabilityofagents(households,privateand
publicsectors) to respondtorisk leading toqualificationsandquantificationsof risk
(in)tolerance.
Thecasespresented in thisvolumeprovideamultiple linesofevidenceapproach
for considering any actual or potential adaptation limits. The researchdocumented
inthebookhasgeneratedevidencethatpoorandvulnerablepeopleandcommunities
alreadypersist at theedgesof theseboundaries and limits.Overall, thecase studies
in this book reportmultiple instanceswhere soft and hard adaptation limits are (at
risk of) being breached.Climate change is generally a key factor, yet other drivers
andconstraintsalsoneedtobeunderstoodandaddressed. Inaddition,observedvul-
nerabilitydynamics imply that adaptationandbuilding resilience lead to reductions
invulnerability.
Pacific Island states are particularly vulnerable to sea level rise, high tides, and
salinisation,butalsotodroughts.Somecommunitiesexperienceseasonalfoodshort-
ages, andmalnutrition is common, indicating that part of the Pacific (as discussed
forthestateofVanuatu) isalreadyatornearthetolerable/intolerableinterface.Asa
result, relocationsandsomeresettlementarealreadyoccurringorplanned(Handmer
andNalau 2018). As peoplemove, understanding themeans throughwhich SIDS
migrantsmaintain cultural traditions and the challenges currentmigrants face can
Loss and Damage from Climate Change
Concepts, Methods and Policy Options
- Titel
- Loss and Damage from Climate Change
- Untertitel
- Concepts, Methods and Policy Options
- Autoren
- Reinhard Mechler
- Laurens M. Bouwer
- Thomas Schinko
- Swenja Surminski
- JoAnne Linnerooth-Bayer
- Verlag
- Springer Open
- Datum
- 2019
- Sprache
- englisch
- Lizenz
- CC BY 4.0
- ISBN
- 978-3-319-72026-5
- Abmessungen
- 16.0 x 24.0 cm
- Seiten
- 580
- Schlagwörter
- Environment, Climate change, Environmental law, Environmental policy, Risk management
- Kategorien
- International
- Naturwissenschaften Umwelt und Klima