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28 R.Mechler et al.
helpaddresspotentiallyirreversible,butavoidable, lossesofcultural traditionsinthe
eventofmassdisplacement asanalysed for theMarshall Islands (Heslin2018).
Facedwith the increasing impacts of climate change and recognising that gains
in development and poverty alleviation are severely hampered by climate change,
the government of Bangladesh is planning to set up a national L&Dmechanism
to support those that have already incurred significant losses and damages beyond
adaptation (Haque et al. 2018). Flood climate risk management case studies on
Nepal, India, Bangladesh andPeru show limits to adaptation due to inadequate
transboundarygovernance, insufficientdevolutionofmandatesandfundingtolower
administrativelevels,aswellasinadequateaccesstoanduseoftechnology(chapters
byMechler et al. 2018b;vandenHombergandMcQuistan2018).
Acase studyon theSahel and the semi-arid drylands of East Africa discusses
how climate variability and change have affected primary productivity and food
productionassupportingandprovisioningecosystemservices.Lossesanddamages
reported in this context are livestock losses, food insecurity, displacement, cultural
losses(includingtraditional livelihoodsystems),andfinally,conflictrelatedtothese.
Thecasealsoshowsthatoversimplificationmustbeavoidedinacontextofmultiple
riskfactors,includingthegovernanceormanagementofnaturalresources.Examples
forriskfactorspresentedarealackofinvestmentinwater-relatedinfrastructure,gaps
in access to agricultural technology, barriers topastoralists’ freedomofmovement,
or lackofhealthcare services,whichhavealsocontributed to increasing lossesand
damages (vanderGeest et al. 2018).
Migration, particularly if forced, is an example of “beyond the limits of adapta-
tion.”Contextualisingmigrationasmultifactorial, a selectionofcases includingsea
level rise inPacific Island States, cyclonic storms inBangladesh, anddesertifica-
tion inWest Africa, aswell as deforestation inSouth America’s SouthernCone,
presents instancesofmigrationdrivenbyclimate changeandvariability, aswell as
other factors (Heslin et al. 2018). TheArctic case on relocation and outmigration
provides examples of instances “beyond adaptation” due to institutional, political,
organisational and jurisdictional factors hindering implementation of adaptation to
climate impacts, thus leading to lossesanddamages (LandauerandJuhola2018).
Proposition 4 Insurancemechanismscanonlyservethepreventionandcureaspects
emphasisedintheL&Ddebateif theyaremadeaffordablewithsupport fromoutside
the insurancepool, and if theyarepurposefullydesigned toencourageorprescribe
riskreduction.Whiletheirapplicationsarelimitedtosuddenonsetevents, insurance
instrumentscanhelptoexploreadaptationfrontiers,inwhichmanyfactors,including
technology,playarole.
Climate insurance has been one of the foci of debate on L&D and theWIM
workplan.Recent experience, however, shows that insurance instruments canonly
serveasa risk-reducingandequitable response to lossesanddamages fromweather
extremes in developing countries if they are designed to explicitly reward risk-
reducing behaviour and if they are supported by those outside the insurance pool.
Commercial insuranceisbasedontheprincipleofmutuality,accordingtowhichthe
Loss and Damage from Climate Change
Concepts, Methods and Policy Options
- Titel
- Loss and Damage from Climate Change
- Untertitel
- Concepts, Methods and Policy Options
- Autoren
- Reinhard Mechler
- Laurens M. Bouwer
- Thomas Schinko
- Swenja Surminski
- JoAnne Linnerooth-Bayer
- Verlag
- Springer Open
- Datum
- 2019
- Sprache
- englisch
- Lizenz
- CC BY 4.0
- ISBN
- 978-3-319-72026-5
- Abmessungen
- 16.0 x 24.0 cm
- Seiten
- 580
- Schlagwörter
- Environment, Climate change, Environmental law, Environmental policy, Risk management
- Kategorien
- International
- Naturwissenschaften Umwelt und Klima