Seite - 195 - in Loss and Damage from Climate Change - Concepts, Methods and Policy Options
Bild der Seite - 195 -
Text der Seite - 195 -
7 LegalResponses toClimateChange… 195
tive and sustained implementation of the Convention” (UNFCCC 2007, Decision
1/CP.13,BaliActionPlan,para.1).Muchattentionwasstarting tobeputonemerg-
ing economies and other developing states,whose greenhouse gas emissionswere
increasingmuchfaster than thegreenhousegasemissionsofdevelopedstatescould
possiblybereduced. In thiscontext,“enhancedactiononadaptation”wasoneof the
concessions thatdevelopedstatesagreed inexchangeofan increasecommitmentof
developingstates to“enhanced…actiononmitigation” (UNFCCC2007,Decision
1/CP.13,BaliActionPlan,1(b) and1(c)).
One of the items listed under “enhanced action on adaption” in theBaliAction
Planwas “disaster reduction strategies andmeans to address losses and damages
associated with climate change impacts in developing countries that are particu-
larly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change” (UNFCCC2007, Deci-
sion 1/CP.13,BaliActionPlan, para. 1(c)(iii)). The length of the concept reflected
the difficulty of its insertion in aCOPdecision. Therewas no clear understanding
onwhether the twobranches of this provision—“disaster reduction” and “loss and
damage”—werenecessarilyrelated, that is,whether lossesanddamageswouldnec-
essarilystemfrom(sudden-onset)disasters.Norwere thereanyclearunderstanding
of thedifferencesbetween“loss,” “damage,” “impacts,” and the“adverse effects of
climatechange.”Yet, agreat achievementof theBaliActionPlanwas the insertion
of aprovisionhinting to theobligationofdevelopedstates topay reparation for the
injurycausedbyexcessivegreenhousegasemissions.
TheBaliActionPlan initiated a new streamof negotiations.However, thiswas
largelyside-lined, in the followingyears,by intensenegotiationsonclimatechange
mitigationand the reluctanceofdeveloped states tovirtually anything (Warner and
Zakieldeen 2012:4).Notmuch had been achievedwhen, 3 years later, theCancĂşn
Agreementsrecognised“theneedtostrengtheninternationalcooperationandexper-
tise inorder tounderstandand reduce loss anddamageassociatedwith the adverse
effects of climate change, including impacts related to extremeweather events and
slowonset events” (UNFCCC2010,Decision1/CP.16,para. 25).
TheCancúnAgreements created a “work programme”were negotiations could
be pursued. Thematic areas were defined in 2011 and further explored in 2012
(UNFCCC2011,Decision7/CP.17,paras.6–15;UNFCCC2012,Decision3/CP.18).
Morespecifically,COP18expressedacommondesire“toenhanceactiononaddress-
ing loss and damage” (UNFCCC2012,Decision 3/CP.18, para. 6). The following
year, COP19 established theWarsaw InternationalMechanismonLoss andDam-
age(WIM),asubsidiarybodyof theUNFCCC(UNFCCC2013,Decision2/CP.19).
Theobjectiveof theWIMwas to“fulfil the roleunder theConventionofpromoting
the implementation of approaches to address loss and damage…in a comprehen-
sive, integrated and coherent manner,” including through “enhancing knowledge
and understanding,” “strengthening dialogue, coordination, coherence and syner-
gies among relevant stakeholders,” and “enhancing action and support, including
finance, technologyandcapacity-building, to address loss anddamage” (UNFCCC
2013,Decision2/CP.19,para.5).MorespecificarrangementsweremadeatCOP20,
including the composition of theExecutiveCommittee of theWIM,basic rules on
procedure,anda2-yearworkplan(UNFCCC2014,Decision2/CP.20,para.5).This
Loss and Damage from Climate Change
Concepts, Methods and Policy Options
- Titel
- Loss and Damage from Climate Change
- Untertitel
- Concepts, Methods and Policy Options
- Autoren
- Reinhard Mechler
- Laurens M. Bouwer
- Thomas Schinko
- Swenja Surminski
- JoAnne Linnerooth-Bayer
- Verlag
- Springer Open
- Datum
- 2019
- Sprache
- englisch
- Lizenz
- CC BY 4.0
- ISBN
- 978-3-319-72026-5
- Abmessungen
- 16.0 x 24.0 cm
- Seiten
- 580
- Schlagwörter
- Environment, Climate change, Environmental law, Environmental policy, Risk management
- Kategorien
- International
- Naturwissenschaften Umwelt und Klima