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224 K.vanderGeest et al.
erallyquitewellcoveredindisaster lossassessments(Gall2015;chapterbyBouwer
2018).Bycontrast, indirect lossesanddamagesarehardertoquantifyorestimate,so
theyareoftenunderreported(UNFCCC2012).Indirectlossesanddamagesareasso-
ciatedwiththemeasuresactorsimplementtoadapttoorcopewithdirectimpacts.For
example, ifacommunityisdisplacedbyfloodingandhastoliveinaschoolbuilding
for sixmonths, therewill be indirect effects of thefloodon the studentsâ education
level(Opondo2013).Whencopingmeasuresarebeneficialintheshorttermbuthave
adverse effectson livelihoodsustainability in the longer-term,wespeakof âerosive
copingâ (vanderGeest andDietz2004).
ResearchGapsandOutlineofChapter
There isa long traditionof scholarlyworkonassessingdisaster losses, andasmall,
but emergingbodyof literature on losses anddamages fromclimate change.More
researchhasbeendoneaboutlossesanddamagesfromsuddenonsetdisastersâsuch
as cyclones and floodsâthan from slow onset processesâsuch as sea level rise,
ocean acidification and drought.While scientific conceptualisations and empirical
work onLoss andDamage has focused primarily on human impacts (Warner and
van der Geest 2013;Wrathall et al. 2015), little attention has been given to the
loss of ecosystemservices and the cascading impacts onhuman societies resulting
from this (Zommers et al. 2014). Yet, according to the IPCCâs Fifth Assessment
Report, âevidence of climate-change impacts is strongest andmost comprehensive
fornatural systemsâ (IPCC2014).Moreover, adaptationoptions forecosystemsare
limited (IPCC2014) and in the case of progressive andpermanent change, current
measuresareunlikely toprevent lossanddamage toecosystemsand their services.
This chapter1 tries to enhance understanding of how impacts of climate change
onecosystemservicesresult in lossesanddamages topeopleandsociety.Thishelps
in determiningwhat kind of interventions could reduce such losses and damages
now and in the future.We first present a conceptual framework for studying how
impacts of climate change on ecosystemservices can result in losses anddamages
tohumansystems.Thenext sectiondiscussescurrentknowledgeofclimatechange
impactson four typesof ecosystemservicesâprovisioning, regulating, supporting,
and cultural. A case study followswhere we present how losses and damages to
ecosystem services affects humanwell-being in the drylands of theWest African
Sahel.Theconclusionsectionof thischaptersummariseskeyfindingsanddiscusses
policy options. As well, we identify two important areas for future research and
evidencegathering.
1This chapter builds on a report published by theUnitedNationsEnvironment Program, entitled
âLossandDamage:The roleofEcosystemServicesâ (UNEP2016).
Loss and Damage from Climate Change
Concepts, Methods and Policy Options
- Titel
- Loss and Damage from Climate Change
- Untertitel
- Concepts, Methods and Policy Options
- Autoren
- Reinhard Mechler
- Laurens M. Bouwer
- Thomas Schinko
- Swenja Surminski
- JoAnne Linnerooth-Bayer
- Verlag
- Springer Open
- Datum
- 2019
- Sprache
- englisch
- Lizenz
- CC BY 4.0
- ISBN
- 978-3-319-72026-5
- Abmessungen
- 16.0 x 24.0 cm
- Seiten
- 580
- Schlagwörter
- Environment, Climate change, Environmental law, Environmental policy, Risk management
- Kategorien
- International
- Naturwissenschaften Umwelt und Klima